Main objectives of PPC in inventories

The addition of inventory degree may ensue in addition of client demand although the keeping costs are frequently at really high degree the sum and cost non estimated at minimal degree. Concentrating on the minimum cost as a consequence cause neglecting to provide the client demand and its effect is loss for the company. Production is the driving force to which most other maps reacts in any fabrication activity. Particularly with stock lists as it exists because of the demands of production. Like all other fabrication controls, is to lend to the net incomes of the endeavor it is besides ultimate aim of production planning and control. Customers are satisfied through the meeting of bringing agendas and it establishes inventory direction and control. The purposes of production planning and control are to set up paths and agendas for work that will guarantee the optimal use of stuffs, workers, and machines and to supply the agencies for guaranting the operation of the works in conformity with these programs. In production planning and control, the four basic stages of control easy identified. The program for the processing of stuffs through the works established through the maps of procedure planning, burden, and scheduling. The map of despatching puts the program into consequence ; that is, operations started in conformity with the works. Actual public presentation compared to the planned public presentation and action taken when needed restorative. In some instances, re-planning is necessary to guarantee the effectual use of the fabrication installations and forces. Procedure Planning ( Routing ) is the finding of where each operation on a component portion, subassembly, or assembly is to be performed consequences in a path for the motion of a fabrication batch through the mill. Prior finding of these paths is the occupation of the fabrication technology map. Loading is one time the path has been established, the work required can be loaded against the selected machine or workstation. The entire clip required to execute the operation is computed by multiplying the unit operation times given on the standard procedure sheet by the figure of parts to be processed. This entire clip is so added to the work already planned for the workstation. This is the map of burden, and it consequences in a tabulated list or chart demoing the planned use of the machines or workstations in the works. Scheduling is the last of the planning maps. It determines when an operation is to be performed, or when work is to be completed ; the difference lies in the item of the scheduling process. In a centralised control state of affairs – where all procedure planning, burden, and scheduling for the works are done in a cardinal office- the inside informations of the agenda may stipulate the starting and finishing clip for an operation. On the other manus, the cardinal agenda may merely give a completion clip for the work in a given section. Uniting Functions is itself a full procedure. While it is easy to specify â€Å" where † as procedure planning, â€Å" how much work † as burden, and â€Å" when as programming, in existent operations these three maps are frequently combined and performed at the same time. How far in progress paths, tonss, and agendas should be established ever presents an interesting job. Obviously, it is desirable that a lower limit of alterations be made after agendas are established. This nonsubjective can be approached if the sum of work scheduled for the mill or section is equal to or somewhat greater than the fabrication rhythm. For optimal control, it should ne'er be less than the fabrication rhythm. Authorizing the start of an operation on the store floor is the map of despatching. This map may be centralized or decentralized. Again utilizing our machine-shop illustration, the departmental starter would authorise the start of each of the three machine operations – three despatch actions based on the chief ‘s routing and programming of the work through his section. This is de-centralized dispatching. In the fabrication activity of a works is said to be â€Å" in control † when the existent public presentation is within the aims of the planned public presentation. When occupations started and completed on agenda, there should be really small, if any, concern about the meeting of committednesss. Optimum operation of the works, nevertheless attained merely if the original program has been carefully prepared to use the fabrication installations to the full and efficaciously. Corrective action is the anchor of any production planning and control activity. A works in which all fabrication activity runs on agenda in all chance non being scheduled to its optimal productive capacity. With an optimal agenda, fabrication holds are the regulation, non the exclusion. Re-planning non a disciplinary action, it revises paths, tonss, and agendas ; a new program is developed. In fabrication, this is frequently required. Changes in market conditions, fabricating methods, or many other factors impacting the works will frequently bespeak that a new fabrication program needed. Factors impacting production planning and control affects the application of production planning and control to fabrication are the same as the factors we have already discussed that affect stock list direction and control. The complexness of the merchandise that is of import, non what the merchandise is, except as this may in bend relate to the market served. Production control processs are much more complex and affect many more records in the industry of big steam turbine generator sets or engines to client orders so in the production of big measures of a standard merchandise affecting merely a few constituent parts, such as electric covers, steam chainss, or similar little contraptions. Type of fabrication is likely the most influential factor in the control state of affairs. For a big uninterrupted fabrication works bring forthing a standard merchandise, we have already indicated that the routing was included in the planning of the works layout. Though no production control map eliminated, the least control that consequences in effectual operation of the mill is the best control. It must retrieve that production planning and control systems should be tools of direction. The aim is non an elaborate and elaborate system of controls and records, but instead, the optimal operation of the works for maximal net incomes. Production planning and control systems accent on the control of work-in-process, the system will in consequence tie together all old records and signifiers developed in all planning for the industry of the merchandise. Value to production planning and control is that it will bespeak future tendencies in demand for manufactured merchandise. Work shift policies, plans for an addition or lessening in fabrication activity, or possible works enlargements may frequently based upon the market prognosiss, in bend affect the planning of the production planning, and control group. Blueprints and measures of stuffs used by production planning and control when they become a component portion of the packaged instructions issued to the store through the control office. One good planning process is to roll up all necessary informations for a store order in a individual bundle the standard procedure sheet, the design, the measure of stuff ( if an assembly operation is involved ) , the path sheet, and perchance the agenda for the production of the order. The store order, the standard procedure sheet, and the path sheet are frequently one piece of paper- normally called the store order or the fabrication order. Load charts are prepared to demo the productive capacity that has been â€Å" sold † and at the same clip the available productive capacity. These charts may be prepared for each workstation or machine in the works, or they may be for groups of machines or sections. Job tickets authorize the public presentation of single operations in the fabrication procedure. There is no individual form for the organisation of the production planning and control activity. In many little workss, the routing, burden, and scheduling maps may good be included in the responsibilities of the operating line ; the store director, superintended, and supervisors. However, it is hard to unite daily work with equal planning, and as a consequence it is frequently more executable to interrupt away the production planning and control maps and delegate them to qualified specializers. These groups should form as staff subdivisions usually describing to the top fabrication executive. Centralized PPC depends upon the design of the production planning and control system. In a wholly centralised apparatus, finding of transportation promises, analysis of gross revenues, stock, and store orders, readying of paths, burden charts, and agenda charts, and dispatching of work to the store complete with occupation tickets and all other necessary paper would be accomplished by a cardinal production planning and control unit. In add-on, as work is completed, a careful analysis of the existent public presentation would do, and if disciplinary action were required, this group would originate it. In decentralized PPC the program must develop into a elaborate program on the store floor. Some companies are now endeavoring to do each supervisor a director of his ain departmental operation. In these instances, the supervisor furnished with a complete staff for the production planning and control of the activities in the section. Planing Phase indicates some inside informations of the responsibilities involved in the production-planning stage. Working from the basic informations mentioned earlier, the forces in this portion of the activity paths and burden and agenda charts. In Control Phase completed occupation ticket, or its tantamount, is the key to this stage of the production planning and control system. It means of describing from the store floor that indicates that a occupation is completed or if day-to-day occupation tickets turned in, the day-to-day advancement of a occupation can be determined. Good relationships with other maps all the other maps in the endeavor are indispensable to effectual production planning and control. Full cooperation with the selling group is necessary, peculiarly in position of the importance of market conditions and the good will of clients. Both merchandise technology and procedure technology must maintain production planning and control informed as to their programs to avoid the industry of goods either to incorrect specifications or by an improper method. The cost of the control system in relation to the value of goods shipped is another possibility. Again, nevertheless, this may non be sound: if markets slump, a bad ratio will develop. Many good production planning and control systems have discontinued because of â€Å" high costs † under these conditions- and have ne'er revived after concern lookout up. In a survey of benefits and costs of computerized production planning and control systems, Schroeder et Al. name the undermentioned public presentation standards by which production planning and control systems might judge: Inventory turnover Delivery lead-time Percentage of clip meeting bringing promises Percentage of orders necessitating â€Å" splits † because of unavailable stuff. Number of expeditors Average unit cost. The research subject is Production Planning and Control ( PPC ) with particular accents on Performance Measurement ( PM ) . Proper planning in all countries for any industry like Site Selection, Building, Machinery, Transportation, Availability of Materials, Procurement of Materials, Production, Quality Control, Yield, Efficacy, Performance are the basic entities for endurance and growing. The cardinal axes of all such activities, we capable of reasoning that Production Planning & A ; Control and Performance Measurement is the cardinal axes for all such planning procedures. Bird oculus position of industrial units in under developed states shows a image of less efficiency and output. They have machinery for production, inexpensive labor, and handiness of inexpensive natural stuffs. However, no good output and efficiency attained. This is merely because there is no proper consideration on Production Planning & A ; Control and Performance Measurement if they focus on, Site Choice Building Machinery Transportation system Handiness of Materials Procurement of Materials Production Quality Control Output Efficacy Performance of both machine and working force This research work analyzed the assorted factors, which are important for planing the production planning and control cheque, listed out the factors act uponing the pick of production procedure. It besides explained the design of production system and fabrication procedure establishes the basic grounds and causes those effects of PPC and PM in industrial sector. It described the benefits, which a little enterpriser can harvest by holding decently designed production planning, and control system. More over it established the relationship between PPC and PM. Precise aims of production planning and control are to establish paths and program for work that will do certain the optimal disbursement of stuffs, workers, and machines and to supply the agencies for guaranting the operation of the works in harmoniousness with these programs. The factors that influence the application of production planning and control to fabrication are the same as the factors that affect stock list direction and control. Equally for as the public presentation measuring concerned in an administration there is a mechanism to pull off and command the public presentation, measuring called public presentation measuring system ( PMS ) . The administrations that use PMS as the footing for its operations and development, the wellness of the administration depends on the effectivity of the production direction system. Performance is a complex undertaking that spans the whole administration for procedure of reexamining. Involving the appropriate individuals to pass sufficient clip to reexamine the production direction system is a dearly-won exercising. However, it is really of import to the uninterrupted accommodation of the concern and its public presentation orientation in today ‘s markets. A good production direction system, reappraisal procedure, seeks the right balance between the administration benefits and the attempts required. The public presentation measuring system for any industry in under developed states requires developing and reexamining at a figure of different degrees as the state of affairs alterations. The public presentation measuring system should include an effectual mechanism for reexamining and revising marks and criterions. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for developing single steps as public presentation and fortunes alteration. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for sporadically reexamining and revising the complete set of steps in usage. This should make to co-occur with alterations in either the competitory environment or strategic way. The public presentation measuring system should used to dispute the strategic premises. It besides found out that the procedure squad is normally responsible for reappraisal the consequences and study to the procedure proprietor. The reappraisal trades largely with operational indexs. Although the consequences of the reappraisals reported to the procedure proprietor, in order to work out possible jobs or better procedures, the model extremely encourages the coaction between different procedure proprietors. At this degree, the procedure proprietor can amend operational indexs, guaranting their alliance to strategic indexs. Any alterations, even minor, will alter the system ( impact on the PM system design ) and later the execution process in footings of informations aggregation, IT considerations ( if any ) , describing and so on ( impact on execution ) . This attack, Specify the frequence, format, and duty. The frequence of reappraisal, format in which informations are gathered and individual ( s ) who is/are responsible for this identified Monitor and command the procedure. Once the needed information gathered, it monitored in a manner demoing whether the procedure is under control and traveling towards the marks set for the indexs. If any accommodations are required, the attacks defined in the following stairss will be helpful. In this attack, one needs to name the most critical facets of the job and to find the root causes of the job. Once the root causes of the jobs identified, redresss should be proposed and implemented. Following that, it must guarantee that the solutions are effectual and similar jobs will non make. There are figure of tools and techniques for monitoring, commanding, look intoing and job resolution. These can include, Effect diagram and cause Run chart Scatter diagram Flow chart Pareto chart Histogram Control chart There are seven direction tools identified during research work which can assist in PMS Affinity diagram Interrelationship digram Tree diagram Prioritisation grid Matrix diagram Process determination plan chart Activity web diagram In today ‘s quickly germinating and altering market place, flexibleness considered indispensable to the fight of any administration. To this terminal, it is of import that a company possesses the ability to alter its strategic orientation as times dictate. Therefore, the periodic reappraisal of its strategic indexs is important. This reappraisal will measure the overall public presentation of the administration at the strategic degree. One of the chief inputs to this reappraisal procedure is information from the operational indexs degree. This information is indispensable, if accommodations needed to the strategic index degree, since it can supply the platform for executing statistical and other relevant analyses. The chief considerations for it are: In accomplishing its strategic aims effectivity of the administration The cogency of any hypotheses sing organizational public presentation developed during the design phases of the public presentation measuring system ; The cogency of possible relationship amongst public presentation indexs The Executive Team will be in charge for this sort of reappraisal. As mentioned before, the impact of any alterations in steps should see in the PMS design and execution consequently. Due to the presence of the Executive Team, any elements of the generic PMS design attack can change. However, for most administrations altering the way so often seems to be improbable. Changing the organizational way can be cardinal alterations that may necessitate re-design of the system. Therefore, if the administration is making good, merely some amendments in steps and procedures might be required. During the research work, it concluded that the reappraisal of the strategic indexs might hold a diverse impact on the PMS. In the executive squad meeting ( the same squad that defines the strategic indexs ) if it becomes obvious that the administration fails to travel efficaciously towards its strategic aims so the causes should be analysed and might include: Under-performance at a lower degree Strategic aims are non communicated efficaciously Strategic aims have non been defined decently Validity/Relevance of the aims It is obvious that depending on the issue identified the class of action should be different for each single instance. The supports tools that may be used include the antecedently mentioned tools plus more specifically the followers: Swerve analysis tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Control Charts Relationship analysis Tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Correlation analysis, Multivariate analysis, Cause and consequence diagrams, Pareto charts Checking the consistence of the PMS communicating a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Departmental studies and input Overall Review tends to be in an one-year footing, in which the followers considerations taken into history, The cogency of the mission and vision statements Whether the company ‘s strategic aim still back up the mission and vision of the administration There are figure of support tools used for the overall reappraisal of the PMS which are larger scale reappraisal tools that affect the overall organizational way and orientation. To this terminal they can be categorised as internal tools, i.e. tools that compare the organizational public presentation to a set criterion of practise, and external tools, i.e. tools that concentrate on comparing the organizational public presentation to rivals and good or best-practice administrations.RECCOMENDATIONSEver in production planning procedure see two chief aims To fulfilling client demand To accomplishment of the lowest cost Procedure planning ( Routing ) must be required for production planning and control Loading the work required against the selected machine or workstation Scheduling for the inventry for be aftering maps Uniting maps in a full procedure Dispatching i-e. authorising the start of an operation on the store floor should be seasonably Reporting or follow – up for all procedures, production and public presentations Corrective actions for production planning and control extremely recmended Re-planning factors for all sercomstances Issues which can impacting production planning and control Type of Merchandise Type of Manufacturing Production Planning and Control Procedures followed Production Planning and Control Systems followed Market prognosis ever checked before get downing production Gross saless order should stipulate that what has coustomer has purchased Stock order should stipulate that what has left over in stock Shop order should stipulate that what is pipe line for fabrication Standard procedure sheet generated Engineering specifications considered and maintained Route sheet ever followed Load Charts formulated Job Tickets assighned In an organisation there should be no individual form for the organisation of the production planning and control activity Centralized Production Planning and Control for certain procedures Decentralized Production Planning and Control harmonizing to state of affairs and requirments Good relationships with other maps in an organisation Measurement of effectiveness vision, mission and planning on a regular basis Site Selection should be made in conformity with handiness of natural stuffs, work force and transit Building made harmonizing to demands and forecosted upon 10 old ages future requirmants Machinery should be up dated Transportation system of stuffs and merchandises through quick services Handiness of Materials ever on a regular basis checked Procurement of Materials in conformity with order Production planning and control should be practical Quality Control is your basic undertaking Output should be checked on a regular basis Efficacy of mashines and homo maintained Performance of both machine and working force moniteredRECCOMENDATIONSThe public presentation measuring system should include an effectual mechanism for reexamining and revising marks and criterions. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for developing single steps as public presentation and fortunes alteration. The public presentation measuring system should include a procedure for sporadically reexamining and revising the complete set of steps in usage. This should make to co-occur with alterations in either the competitory environment or strategic way. The public presentation measuring system should used to dispute the strategic premises. There are figure of tools and techniques for monitoring, commanding, look intoing and job resolution and they be considered, Effect diagram and cause Run chart Scatter diagram Flow chart Pareto chart Histogram Control chart There are seven direction tools identified during research work, which can assist in PMS, and used by organisations / establishments for public presentation measuring. Affinity diagram Interrelationship digram Tree diagram Prioritisation grid Matrix diagram Process determination plan chart Activity web diagram In the executive squad meeting if an fails to travel efficaciously towards its strategic aims so the causes should be analysed and might include: Under-performance at a lower degree Strategic aims are non communicated efficaciously Strategic aims have non been defined decently Validity/Relevance of the aims The supports tools for the class of action should besides include, Swerve analysis tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Control Charts Relationship analysis Tools a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Correlation analysis, Multivariate analysis, Cause and consequence diagrams, Pareto charts Checking the consistence of the PMS communicating a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Departmental studies and input Always check the cogency of the mission and vision statements and the company ‘s strategic aim still back up the mission and vision of the administration.

Characteristics of Yeat’s Poetry

Yeats believed that art and politics were intrinsically linked and used his writing to express his attitudes toward Irish politics, as well as to educate his readers about Irish cultural history. From an early age, Yeats felt a deep connection to Ireland and his national identity, and he thought that British rule negatively impacted Irish politics and social life.His early compilation of folklore sought to teach a literary history that had been suppressed by British rule, and his early poems were odes to the beauty and mystery of the Irish countryside. This work frequently integrated references to myths and mythic figures, including Oisin and Cuchulain. As Yeats became more involved in Irish politics—through his relationships with the Irish National Theatre, the Irish Literary Society, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and Maud Gonne—his poems increasingly resembled political manifestos.Yeats wrote numerous poems about Ireland’s involvement in World War I ( "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† [1919], â€Å"A Meditation in Time of War† [1921]), Irish nationalists and political activists (â€Å"On a Political Prisoner† [1921], â€Å"In Memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz† [1933]), and the Easter Rebellion (â€Å"Easter 1916† [1916]). Yeats believed that art could serve a political function: poems could both critique and comment on political events, as well as educate and inform a population. The Impact of Fate and the Divine on HistoryYeats’s devotion to mysticism led to the development of a unique spiritual and philosophical system that emphasized the role of fate and historical determinism, or the belief that events have been preordained. Yeats had rejected Christianity early in his life, but his lifelong study of mythology, Theosophy, spiritualism, philosophy, and the occult demonstrate his profound interest in the divine and how it interacts with humanity. Over the course of his life, he created a complex system of spirituality, using the image of interlocking gyres (similar to spiral cones) to map out the development and reincarnation of the soul.Yeats believed that history was determined by fate and that fate revealed its plan in moments when the human and divine interact. A tone of historically determined inevitability permeates his poems, particularly in descriptions of situations of human and divine interaction. The divine takes on many forms in Yeats’s poetry, sometimes literally (â€Å"Leda and the Swan† [1923]), sometimes abstractly (â€Å"The Second Coming† [1919]). In other poems, the divine is only gestured to (as in the sense of the divine in the Byzantine mosaics in â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† [1926]).No matter what shape it takes, the divine signals the role of fate in determining the course of history. The Transition from Romanticism to Modernism Yeats started his long literary career as a romantic poet and gradually ev olved into a modernist poet. When he began publishing poetry in the 1880s, his poems had a lyrical, romantic style, and they focused on love, longing and loss, and Irish myths. His early writing follows the conventions of romantic verse, utilizing familiar rhyme schemes, metric patterns, and poetic structures. Although it is lighter than his later writings, his early poetry is still sophisticated and accomplished.Several factors contributed to his poetic evolution: his interest in mysticism and the occult led him to explore spiritually and philosophically complex subjects. Yeats’s frustrated romantic relationship with Maud Gonne caused the starry-eyed romantic idealism of his early work to become more knowing and cynical. Additionally, his concern with Irish subjects evolved as he became more closely connected to nationalist political causes. As a result, Yeats shifted his focus from myth and folklore to contemporary politics, often linking the two to make potent statements t hat reflected political agitation and turbulence in Ireland and abroad.Finally, and most significantly, Yeats’s connection with the changing face of literary culture in the early twentieth century led him to pick up some of the styles and conventions of the modernist poets. The modernists experimented with verse forms, aggressively engaged with contemporary politics, challenged poetic conventions and the literary tradition at large, and rejected the notion that poetry should simply be lyrical and beautiful. These influences caused his poetry to become darker, edgier, and more concise.Although he never abandoned the verse forms that provided the sounds and rhythms of his earlier poetry, there is still a noticeable shift in style and tone over the course of his career. Motifs Irish Nationalism and Politics Throughout his literary career, Yeats incorporated distinctly Irish themes and issues into his work. He used his writing as a tool to comment on Irish politics and the home r ule movement and to educate and inform people about Irish history and culture. Yeats also used the backdrop of the Irish countryside to retell stories and legends from Irish folklore.As he became increasingly involved in nationalist politics, his poems took on a patriotic tone. Yeats addressed Irish politics in a variety of ways: sometimes his statements are explicit political commentary, as in â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death,† in which he addresses the hypocrisy of the British use of Irish soldiers in World War I. Such poems as â€Å"Easter 1916† and â€Å"In Memory of Eva Gore Booth and Con Markiewicz† address individuals and events connected to Irish nationalist politics, while â€Å"The Second Coming† and â€Å"Leda and the Swan† subtly include the idea of Irish nationalism.In these poems, a sense of cultural crisis and conflict seeps through, even though the poems are not explicitly about Ireland. By using images of chaos, disorder, a nd war, Yeats engaged in an understated commentary on the political situations in Ireland and abroad. Yeats’s active participation in Irish politics informed his poetry, and he used his work to further comment on the nationalist issues of his day. Mysticism and the Occult Yeats had a deep fascination with mysticism and the occult, and his poetry is infused with a sense of the otherworldly, the spiritual, and the unknown.His interest in the occult began with his study of Theosophy as a young man and expanded and developed through his participation in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a mystical secret society. Mysticism figures prominently in Yeats’s discussion of the reincarnation of the soul, as well as in his philosophical model of the conical gyres used to explain the journey of the soul, the passage of time, and the guiding hand of fate. Mysticism and the occult occur again and again in Yeats’s poetry, most explicitly in â€Å"The Second Coming† but also in poems such as â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† and â€Å"The Magi† (1916).The rejection of Christian principles in favor of a more supernatural approach to spirituality creates a unique flavor in Yeats’s poetry that impacts his discussion of history, politics, and love. Irish Myth and Folklore Yeats’s participation in the Irish political system had origins in his interest in Irish myth and folklore. Irish myth and folklore had been suppressed by church doctrine and British control of the school system. Yeats used his poetry as a tool for re-educating the Irish population about their heritage and as a strategy for developing Irish nationalism.He retold entire folktales in epic poems and plays, such as The Wanderings of Oisin (1889) and The Death of Cuchulain (1939), and used fragments of stories in shorter poems, such as â€Å"The Stolen Child† (1886), which retells a parable of fairies luring a child away from his home, and â€Å"Cuchulainà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Fight with the Sea† (1925), which recounts part of an epic where the Irish folk hero Cuchulain battles his long-lost son by at the edge of the sea. Other poems deal with subjects, images, and themes culled from folklore.In â€Å"Who Goes with Fergus? † (1893) Yeats imagines a meeting with the exiled wandering king of Irish legend, while â€Å"The Song of Wandering Aengus† (1899) captures the experiences of the lovelorn god Aengus as he searches for the beautiful maiden seen in his dreams. Most important, Yeats infused his poetry with a rich sense of Irish culture. Even poems that do not deal explicitly with subjects from myth retain powerful tinges of indigenous Irish culture.Yeats often borrowed word selection, verse form, and patterns of imagery directly from traditional Irish myth and folklore. Symbols The Gyre The gyre, a circular or conical shape, appears frequently in Yeats’s poems and was developed as part of the philosophical system outlin ed in his book A Vision. At first, Yeats used the phases of the moon to articulate his belief that history was structured in terms of ages, but he later settled upon the gyre as a more useful model.He chose the image of interlocking gyres—visually represented as two intersecting conical spirals—to symbolize his philosophical belief that all things could be described in terms of cycles and patterns. The soul (or the civilization, the age, and so on) would move from the smallest point of the spiral to the largest before moving along to the other gyre. Although this is a difficult concept to grasp abstractly, the image makes sense when applied to the waxing and waning of a particular historical age or the evolution of a human life from youth to adulthood to old age.The symbol of the interlocking gyres reveals Yeats’s belief in fate and historical determinism as well as his spiritual attitudes toward the development of the soul, since creatures and events must evolv e according to the conical shape. With the image of the gyre, Yeats created a shorthand reference in his poetry that stood for his entire philosophy of history and spirituality. The Swan Swans are a common symbol in poetry, often used to depict idealized nature. Yeats employs this convention in â€Å"The Wild Swans at Coole† (1919), in which the regal birds represent an unchanging, flawless ideal.In â€Å"Leda and the Swan,† Yeats rewrites the Greek myth of Zeus and Leda to comment on fate and historical inevitability: Zeus disguises himself as a swan to rape the unsuspecting Leda. In this poem, the bird is fearsome and destructive, and it possesses a divine power that violates Leda and initiates the dire consequences of war and devastation depicted in the final lines. Even though Yeats clearly states that the swan is the god Zeus, he also emphasizes the physicality of the swan: the beating wings, the dark webbed feet, the long neck and beak.Through this description of its physical characteristics, the swan becomes a violent divine force. By rendering a well-known poetic symbol as violent and terrifying rather than idealized and beautiful, Yeats manipulates poetic conventions, an act of literary modernism, and adds to the power of the poem. The Great Beast Yeats employs the figure of a great beast—a horrific, violent animal—to embody difficult abstract concepts. The great beast as a symbol comes from Christian iconography, in which it represents evil and darkness.In â€Å"The Second Coming,† the great beast emerges from the Spiritus Mundi, or soul of the universe, to function as the primary image of destruction in the poem. Yeats describes the onset of apocalyptic events in which the â€Å"blood-dimmed tide is loosed† and the â€Å"ceremony of innocence is drowned† as the world enters a new age and falls apart as a result of the widening of the historical gyres. The speaker predicts the arrival of the Second Com ing, and this prediction summons a â€Å"vast image† of a frightening monster pulled from the collective consciousness of the world.Yeats modifies the well-known image of the sphinx to embody the poem’s vision of the climactic coming. By rendering the terrifying prospect of disruption and change into an easily imagined horrifying monster, Yeats makes an abstract fear become tangible and real. The great beast slouches toward Bethlehem to be born, where it will evolve into a second Christ (or anti-Christ) figure for the dark new age. In this way, Yeats uses distinct, concrete imagery to symbolize complex ideas about the state of the modern world.

Country Analysis (Libya) for International Business Class Essay

Country Analysis (Libya) for International Business Class - Essay Example The Encyclopedia of Nations (2010) delves deeper to reveal the details; the maximum hours of work per week are 48, the minimum age for employment is 18, the average monthly wage is 270 dinars (converting to US$100). Foreign workers do not enjoy all the rights as Libyans and there exists restrictions on income repatriation. Other considerations to make about employment in Libya include the fact that Gaddafi regime made a great deal of effort in preventing the growth of a viable private sector. On a socio-cultural aspect, language is of particular importance to business planners in Libya. Economy Watch (2011) indicates that the major languages spoken in Libya are Arabic, Italian and English, all of which are widely used in the major cities in Libya. Arabic is however the official language in Libya (CIA World Factbook, 2011). This indicates that diversity of languages in Libya is not huge and business planners can therefore undertake activities focused on the three major languages. The fact that the three are largely understood makes it even easier to interact with Libyans while doing business. The ethnic population in Libya is predominantly Berber and Arab who make up 97% of the Libyan population. The remaining 3% consists of Italians, Greeks, Indians, Pakistani, Egyptians, Turks, Tunisians and Maltese among other nationalities in no particular order (Economy Watch, 2010; CIA World Factbook, 2011). According to the US State Department (2011) there are small Tebou and Tuareg ethnic communities in Southern Libya that are mainly nomadic or semi-nomadic. Besides North Africans, West Africa and sub-Saharan nationalities contribute the major portion of the non-Libyan population in the country. Whereas news of ethnic tensions is not common in Libya, the recent uprising was initially observed to follow ethnic patterns unlike the wave of uprisings that characterized the North African and Muslim World in general (Bancroft-Hinchey, 2011). The implications of this to the bus iness planners involves planning to win over the majority and targeting the smaller ethnic populations besides the fact that absence of ethnic tensions means that under a stable regime Libya is an attractive place for business. Gender considerations especially in the labor market in Libya are an extension of the position of the woman in the rest of the society. Encyclopedia of Nations (2010) observes that although Libyan labor law provides for equal opportunities for men and women in the labor market, traditional societal restrictions of women in terms of out-of-home activities ensure that this law is not practical. SIGI (2007) indicates that efforts to address such issues of inequality have been hampered by the fact that it is illegal to form rights groups independent of the Libyan state. Therefore, business planners need to ensure they strike the perfect balance that will adhere to Libyan labor law while at the same time not upsetting the Libyan society in terms of gender issues. The next issue of consideration with regard to socio-cultural factors in Libya is religion in terms of diversity and the extent to which it is influential to culture. A general view of the religious outlook of Libya is provided by Economy Watch (2010), which gives the figures as 97% Muslim and 3% for the rest. Nation Master (2011) provides more comprehensive information indicating that the 97% of Muslims are actually

E-Commerce and E-Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Commerce and E-Business - Research Paper Example Dell's website key characteristics were recognised which includes its context of use, impact of the homepage, general usability, page layout and navigation, and most importantly the information contents. The effective use of innovate web technologies and with a strong well-known brand name, the website works consistently with the general purpose of the online portal. The necessity of these elements is of high importance but marketing can also of a priority. Web usability is an important which Dell's website successfully applied along with the web navigation, information, and design. Also, considering online business, this report provides important notes about some legal and ethical issues. There are numerous threats to the security of Internet e-commerce. Dell has a strong brand and already established its position with effective business strategies, efficient use of technology and business model which gave them a competitive advantage from online stores. Our company, Delta IT Consultancy2, is an internet consultancy firm which includes servicing clients from e-business consultancy to providing e-solutions. As the client seeks recommendation about what counteract plans regarding their plan of redevelopment and enhancement of their online business presence and e-business strategy, our company is tasked to take charge of what they should implement with the growing dominance of Dell in the marketplace. The client is a 'bricks-and-clicks' company which is a business model by which a company integrates both offline (bricks) and online (clicks) presences (Wikipedia, 2007). With the ever increasing competition in the online marketplace especially online computer sale stores, the numbers of sales are significantly affected. The aim of this report is to analyse and evaluate Dell's website infrastructure and its e-commerce or e-business strategy. The report comprises two sections accordingly. Section 1 will be the appraisal details of Dell's website, which is the main dominating company in the marketplace and provides the key pressure to the client's success. Utilising Dell's website as the mock-up standards, it is recommended to the client of how Dell's online presence bring fort their business online with regards to the client's aim of redeveloping and enhancement of their online presence. Section 2 evaluates the business models and the use of technology by Dell's website in facilitating them to edge with the lead. After the critical appraisal of Dell's website, our client will be placed on its competitive advantage and total improvement of business activity online. 1 Analysis 1.1 Context of Use Website: Dell UK - http://www.dell.co.uk Users: Any web user is welcome to access Dell's website from any computer with internet and any type of web browser. Users can range from individual and corporate to enterprise and large business scale particularly buyers and retailers for purchasing products and services, and even access relevant company information or website contents for specific purpose. Prior to checkout of their purchasing products and services, users need to register or login to record order details. Stakeholders: All users that visit the website are

Article evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article evaluation - Essay Example The article concludes that the three theories; the routine activity theory, environmental criminology and rational perspectives all contend that the organizational environment plays a significant role in the commission of such crimes and that the management of organizations must develop appropriate relationships with the environments to safeguard both their resources and the privacy of the employees. The routine activity theory, for example, develops the concept of targets. By routine activities with computers at the place of work, helps reveal the weaknesses that perpetrators often exploit before they commit crimes.The case study shows the importance of enhancing the safety of information systems in an organization. Using the case, the article applies the three theories thus showing the nature of the relationship that exists between the staff and the organization environment. Despite the strengths, the article has several other weaknesses key among which is the application of the th ree theories since they sound repetitive. The routine theory, for example, explains the behavior of employees at an organization thereby showing the features of both the victims and perpetrators. Environmental criminology does the same a feature that makes either redundant.The author of the article draws a systematic conclusion by proving the application of each theory in the Barings Bank case. He concludes that criminals often use the knowledge of the environment coupled with their understanding of the operations of the organization to commit a crime.

Star System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Star System - Essay Example Studios would then, select promising young actors and would create personas for them, often by inventing new names and even new backgrounds. Some of the stars that went through the star system include Cary Grant (born Archie Leach), and Joan Crawford (born Lucille Fay LeSueur), and Rock Hudson (born Roy Harold Scherer Jr.) The evolution of the motion picture industry can be divided into roughly four phases. The technological phase, in which key film making technologies were introduced, began around 1891 and ended at 1903 with the first narrative film, The Great Train Robbery. The pre-studio era, characterized by standardization of film content into specified length and set of conventions lasted from about 1903 to 1915 with the first feature film, Birth of a Nation (McGowan, 1965). During this era the director-unit system, came to dominate. The studio era of vertically integrated firms commenced around 1915 and entered decline in 1948 with the United States Supreme Court decision that forced the Hollywood studios to exit the exhibition business. It was here that the central producer system evolved and became dominant. And finally, the post studio era began in the mid 1950s and is still with us today. The industry structure and business strategies that dominate each of these phases were crafted and negotiated during the transition periods from one phase to the next. The studio system emerged as a result of distinct strategic developments that coalesced into a strong configuration. The first development was the emergence of vertical integration, Gomery, (1986). Most of studios (though not all) saw the joint ownership of production, distribution, and exhibition as creating synergies that are essential for competitive advantage. Control of exhibition allowed the studios to offset the risks of production, and control over distribution permitted coordinated release that is essential for national marketing. Second, after a period of resistance, primarily due to fear of excessive salary demands, all the studios acquiesced to the human resource strategy star based system. Working of the System structure The central producer system, with a managerial hierarchy in the form of the top producer team, deviated from the common practices of management in the conventional film industry. First, the top producer team was often deeply involved in the conceptualisation and detail of the project. Second, and more importantly, resolving of tension between functional specialisation and project leaders was not biased in favoring of one or the other. Rather, the perennial struggle between functional departments and project managers was resolved by bringing top management downward into the process. What made the central producer system so effective was the way in which process and content were balanced and closely integrated. The producer team exerted its influence in critical transitions in the development of movie projects worked in specially designated departments. Scripts that were seen as promising were selected for further development by the team. This development consisted of intense analysis and discussion of every aspect of the script. The team brought to bear its collective experience. The script was examined from the perspective of narrative logic, motivation, and appeal to audience. At the end of the

Finance and Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance and Accounting Concepts - Essay Example It consists of financial activities which include collecting, recording, analyzing and communicating the financial information to others. The financial data is a collection of facts which is expressed in numerical symbols and characters. The major task of the accountant is to records the financial transactions and converts data into financial information. The study will deal with the various accounting concepts that have helped the accountants in dissemination of financial information. Accurate financial presentation helps in the systematic recording of the financial transactions and also helps in identification of errors in the accounting procedure. The author of the study will able to give an insight into the basic accounting concepts and its impact on the business activities. Finally, the study will conclude with the various accounting concepts and its practical applications. Accounting Concepts & Procedures Accounting is definitely concerned with the recording of transactions tha t affect the business activities and is also related to preparation of income statement and the balance sheet. As per the AICPA committee of terminology accounting is regarded as a process of recording, classifying, summarizing and in systematic and significant manner. It is called an information system which helps in the identification, measuring, and communication of economic financial information which permits rationale and judgmental information among users. 1) Art of recording the business transactions: The systematic method of recording financial transactions in the books of accounts which helps in the fulfilment of the objective of the user and the accountant. 2) Systematic Process: Recording financial transactions is regular in nature and is done in methodical and chronological manners. Accounting is done through the application of various rules, regulations, principles and expertise. 3) Measurable in terms of money: The accounting transactions are measurable in terms of mon ey and need to be recorded in the books of accounts. These accounting events are measurable in terms of money. The events which are not measurable in terms of money are not recorded 4) Information Systems: It is information systems that measures the accounting process and communicates about the financial information through an economic entity. It also supplies financial information to the decision makers. 5) Medium: It is also regarded as an important medium for communicating the financial information and their interpretations. The main objective of the financial accounting would be to provide the necessary information to the user in a systematic process. There are various branches of accounting; cost, managerial and financial accounting procedures. It helps in ascertaining the results of the business transactions and also assessing the true financial position of the company. The major functions would be to identify and record the financial transaction of the organization which can be measurable in terms of money, grouping transactions that are similar in nature of a particular place which is done in ledger, summarizing the financial transactions which involve the preparation of income statement, trial balance and balance sheet and interpretation of financial statements by ascertaining the financial position of the company. Some of the major objectives of accounting would be to ascertain the results of a business organization within a particular time period ascertain the true financial position of a business organization and provide the necessary financial information to the users. The different types of users of accounting wo

Ch 15 discussion 2 response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch 15 discussion 2 response - Assignment Example appreciate the way you used evidence from the book to justify ways in which the Native Americans were abused against their common rights such as the violation of treaties that were made initially protect them. I believe that such actions were not fair then and cannot be considered fair if they happen today. Whiles selecting the tribes for discussion, you paid homage to a tribe whose activities has been the foundation of America’s agricultural value till date and that is the Anasazi Indians. I believe that agriculture has remained an important part of America and its growth cannot be overlooked today. You opine that the value given to jewelry be reduced but I would differ with you on this. My reason is that value is not given to jewelry merely for its ornamental qualities but for the economic value it gives to our economy and so instead of abandoning it, we should rather look at ways of engaging in healthy mining. Under no circumstance can someone claiming the property of another person be regarded as right and so I agree perfectly with you on the position that the Native Americans were treated unfairly because the Whites took their lands from them

Aquaculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aquaculture - Essay Example The impact of wastes from the aquaculture pollutes the aquatic environment, because aquaculture is also an industry, which produces sea species in large amount. The modern methods of aquaculture have been found to pollute seawater and fresh waters than that of fish farming. Reading and Midlen [1998] suggests that â€Å"without drastically changing agricultural farming practices this situation will not change in the foreseeable future† p-21. They quote a survey report as an illustration â€Å"for example, fish farming in Denmark accounts for less than 1% of the total nitrogen loading and less than 2% of the total phosphorous loading [FES, 1992. In this respect, the environmental impact from fish farming waste is small in comparison to the potential impact of agricultural wastes†p-21. The most significant effect of the aqua waste is the nutrient concentrations in natural waters, which results in an increase of plankton and microbial populations. The wasted fish feed becomes the source of the wastes. Some of the nutrients present in the fish feed for fishes grown in aquaculture does not allow the nutrients that come through the wastes to get dissolved. Reading and Midlen [1998] observe this undissolved waste as â€Å"solid faecal waste†. The excretion of chemical and drugs used in aquaculture for maintenance is another polluting agent affecting the fresh water environment. This excretion of chemicals excreted as wastes are accumulated as organic sediments in the fresh and seawater environment. Therefore, researches are going on to make this aquaculture eco friendly. Since the aquaculture requires a fresh water system, the effect of the chemicals and drugs used in an aqua system has more possibilities to pollute the water system. Ponds are generally preferred to cultivate aquatic species. However, the problem related in farming inside a pond is that walls are constructed to

Jews and Jonah S Ministry Essay Example for Free

Jews and Jonah S Ministry Essay Jews Without Money is based on its author’s own childhood, Michael Gold. It re-creates the Jewish immigrant Lower East Side in Manhattan in which he lived, and it provides insight into the life of first- and second-generation Jewish Americans around the turn of the twentieth century. Gold does a wonderful job at putting the reader right in the middle of the sights, smells and sounds of people who may be materially poor, but very rich emotionally. The book paints for the most part a bleak picture of Jewish immigrant life in America, a picture that will remain bleak, the book’s ending implies, until the workers’ revolution occurs. In this paper I will discuss few issues that come up in the book and in the documents that we have read over the past month, along with a brief summary of the book as well. As the central character and narrator, Mike grows and learns more and more about the struggles that his parents and their neighbors undergo to earn a living. Mike’s father had been a housepainter, but he is disabled by a fall and by lead poisoning. At one point in the book, Mike finds him trying to earn money selling half-rotten bananas. We find out Mike’s mother is the central figure in the family. She supports them by working in a cafeteria and cleaning various apartments. After and before work, she takes care of her ill husband and children. On a terribly snowy winter day, Mike’s younger sister, Esther, goes out into the streets to collect wood for the stove where she is run over by a truck and dies. A lawyer comes to their home and says that if the mother and father sign a paper, he will get them a thousand dollars from Adams Express, the company that operated the truck. Herman wants to sign the lawyer’s paper, but Katie throws him out of the house. It is, she says, â€Å"blood money. † Repeatedly, Mike learns how terrible life is for people in America without money, especially Jews. They need to cope not only with poverty but also with anti-Semitism. When Mike uses a dirty word in school, his teacher washes out his mouth with soap, as well keeps calling him â€Å"Little Kike. † Herman and Katie are furious because the soap the teacher uses was not kosher. When a politician sends them a Thanksgiving meal, Katie asks Mike to tell her the story of Thanksgiving. After he narrates the tale of the Pilgrims, his mother decides that Thanksgiving is â€Å"an American holiday . . . and not for Jews. † The family cannot even eat the beautiful, fat turkey because it is not kosher. When Herman seems to be doing well in the housepainting business and thinks he will begin to earn more money, he falls from a ladder and cannot work. After Esther dies, the mother also is unable to work. When the family is nearly starving, a man from the United Charities visits them and asks all kinds of personal questions, including whether Herman beats Katie. Herman throws the man out of the house. Mike concludes that â€Å"starvation was kinder† than organized charity. Mike keeps hearing from those around him that the Messiah will come and lead the Jews to the Promised Land. He asks his neighbor, Reb Samuel, a very religious man, about the Messiah. Reb Samuel, who teaches Mike about Judaism, describes a â€Å"pale, young and peaceful† Messiah, but Mike prefers one who looks like Buffalo Bill and â€Å"could annihilate our enemies. † At age twelve, Mike quits school to go to work. He finds a variety of unpleasant, sometimes hellish jobs and discovers anti-Semitism in employment. Even some businesses owned by Jews, he discovers, refuse to hire Jews. One night, he hears a man on a soapbox declare that a world movement is coming to end poverty. Listening to him, Mike learns about the workers’ revolution, which he calls â€Å"the true Messiah. † The revolution, he says, forced him to think, struggle, and live. The book then ends with the words, â€Å"O great Beginning! † One of the first documents we read was â€Å"The Constitution of the United States of America (1789)†. The title of this document is almost self explanatory. We all know how this country was formed and how specific the founding fathers were. Article VI states†¦freedom of religion as a basic law of the land. It goes on to say no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States (p. 457). In the book we do see religious freedom however we do see discrimination of it because it is a different religion then the majority. This is truly unfair and the author makes it clear. If the law states and accepts religious freedom why is it so hard to accept others differences and for them to come up in the society? They struggled a lot but in the end they over came the obstacle course. With the law on their back, they are able to practice their religious views and make a difference in America. This story really makes you appreciate the issues that these poor Jewish immigrants faced and confirms that the American Dream certainly is possible as we have the luxury today in 2010 to evaluate the situations of many of these characters descendants. These people worked hard and helped each other and therefore made better lives for their future generations. The most admirable character in the book is Katie. She shows kindness to all, even the prostitutes who live near their apartment. When she works in the cafeteria, the other workers come to her with their problems. She remains gentle and concerned with doing the right thing, even though life for her is a constant round of work. The one time Mike sees her truly happy is when the family goes to Bronx Park and Katie takes the children to gather mushrooms in the woods. She accepts hardship and tragedy with dignity and grace. Only the death of her daughter Esther is too much for her. After Esther dies, Katie is defeated. As I think back about Katie there was one document that connected with me. Julia Richman wrote Women Wage-Workers, and as I re-read the document, images of Katie’s hard work reappeared. In this document, the role of women in society surfaces and takes stand. â€Å"General advance in the education of women, the desire to give children greater educational advantages then the parents enjoyed, the financial value of women’s work, the frequent necessity for women to contribute to the support of families† are just a few things that the article touches up on but they all hit on what kind of character Katie is. The Galveston Movement was a program operated between 1907 and 1914 to divert Jews fleeing Russia and Eastern Europe away from crowded East Coast cities. Ten thousand Jewish immigrants passed through Galveston during this era New York financier and philanthropist Jacob Schiff was the driving force behind the effort, which Schiff supported with nearly $500,000 of his personal funds. Bnai Israels Rabbi Henry Cohen was the humanitarian face of the movement, meeting ships at the Galveston docks and helping guide the immigrants through the cumbersome arrival and distribution process. I found this document very interesting in a way that this was good and a bad idea at the same time. A major theme of the book is the unfairness of the American capitalist system that leads people to dream of financial success but prevents them from achieving it. The hard-heartedness of the capitalist system is best symbolized by the Adams Express truck that kills Esther and the lawyer who tries to make money from her death. The only character who is really happy in America is Harry the Pimp. The honest workers, however, â€Å"eat the bread of sorrow and shame in America. † With so many Jewish immigrants in one place it’s a good start for all of them to achieve something in their lives but at the same time with so much diversity around them discrimination will be extremely high. By diverting people to the southern state they will struggle to adopted but at the same time the opportunities for success are greater then in the over-crowded cities. Also to relate the unfair American capitalist system the document, by Issac Rubinow, The Economic Condition of the Russian Jew in New York City, paints us a high-definition picture of the profession that the Jews take up in the city. Even though the professions of teaching and medicine was high within still the â€Å"Russian Jews are on a much lower economic level, they belong to the â€Å"masses† then â€Å"classes†. With so many Russian Jews in the city the facts cannot be denied and the percent of professional jobs is indeed much smaller then the industrial wage-workers. One of my documents that stuck to me the most and make think about the main character of the book was A Reply to the Hebrew Congregation of Newport by George Washington. He accepts their welcoming letter and says how the citizens of this great nation accept other religious views. â€Å"The citizens of United States of American have right to applaud them themselves for having given mankind examples of an enlarged and liberal policy, a policy worthy of imitation†. As this thought processed in my mind, something changed in our society in the start of the 20th century. The characters in Jews Without Money contribute to the growth of Mike. He runs wild in the slums of the Lower East Side, playing with his â€Å"Gang of Little Yids. † He describes the bums, horse drivers, prostitutes, and workers who live in his neighborhood. His father becomes a figure of despair. For Herman, nothing goes right. All of his get-rich-quick schemes go awry. Cruelly conscious of the need for money in America, he bitterly rejects the New World in which he suffers so much, at one point uttering, â€Å"A curse on Columbus! A curse on America, the thief! †. This stuck in my mind for a long time as I tried to figure it out. When this nation was found, it was created based on equality for everyone but something went wrong. According to Mike and the people around him there is no feeling of acceptance, equality. He lost faith in this nation that was going to change his life for the better. All the positives that have happened for the citizens of American didn’t do anything for him and his family. His father not being able to work and constantly ill, the death of his sister, hard working mother and all the other bad things around him, nothing good can happen to him. Mike sees hypocrisy in many, especially in the fat Chassidic rabbi imported from Europe at great cost to his relatively poor congregation. When the Chassids celebrate the coming of the rabbi, Mike sees the rabbi stuffing himself and thinks the rabbi will eat all the food at the celebration before the children get a chance to eat anything. He mentions that possibility to Reb Samuel, who sends Mike home without having eaten any of the feast; but, Mike says, Reb Samuel should have listened to the wisdom of the little child. After a while, the rabbi accepts a better paying job at a wealthy congregation. Mike cannot understand America and the effect it has on people because to him it hasn’t brought happiness as it did to other Jews. Jews Without Money is an example of the proletarian novel, the novel by a member of the working class and about members of the working class. In this kind of novel, truth is supposed to be more important than art. It is also a sensitive treatment of the life of a child in an immigrant neighborhood and I can relate to that as an immigrant of the 21st century. Some issues never go away but you can learn how to deal with them and hopefully learn what is better and incorporate the positives in your life. Over the entire book brings out many issues that we see keep re-occurring to this day. They might never go away but we can be aware and act different on them. After reading the book there was one quote that summed up many issues of the book and documents bring up; â€Å"Every persecuted race becomes a race of fanatics†Ã'Ž

Organizational Culture of Public and Private Sector Banks

Organizational Culture of Public and Private Sector Banks In the past 25 years, the concept of organizational culture has gained wide acceptance as a way to understand human systems. From an open-sytems perspective, each aspect of organizational culture can be seen as an important environmental condition affecting the system and its subsystems. The examination of organizational culture is also a valuable analytical tool in its own right. This way of looking at organizations borrows heavily from anthropology and sociology and uses many of the same terms to define the building blocks of culture. Edgar Schein, one of the most prominent theorists of organizational culture, gave the following very general definition: The culture of a group can now be defined as: A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. (Schein 373-374) The pattern of shared values, beliefs and assumptions considered to be the appropriate way to think and act within an organization. Culture is shared Culture helps members solve problems Culture is taught to newcomers Culture strongly influences behavior Layers of Culture 1.1 Elements of culture G. Johnson described a cultural web, identifying a number of elements that can be used to describe or influence Organizational Culture: The Paradigm: What the organization is about; what it does; its mission; its values. Control Systems: The processes in place to monitor what is going on. Role cultures would have vast rulebooks. There would be more reliance on individualism in a power culture. Organizational Structures: Reporting lines, hierarchies, and the way that work flows through the business. Power Structures: Who makes the decisions, how widely spread is power, and on what is power based? Symbols: These include organizational logos and designs, but also extend to symbols of power such as parking spaces and executive washrooms. Rituals and Routines: Management meetings, board reports and so on may become more habitual than necessary. Stories and Myths: build up about people and events, and convey a message about what is valued within the organization. These elements may overlap. Power structures may depend on control systems, which may exploit the very rituals that generate stories which may not be true. 1.2 Dimensions of Organizational Culture Innovation and risk-taking The degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks. Attention to detail The degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail. Outcome orientation The degree to which management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on technique and process. People orientation The degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. 1.3 Keeping a Culture Alive To keep the culture alive of an organization following are to be considered:- Selection Identify and hire individuals who will fit in with the culture Top Management Senior executives establish and communicate the norms of the organization Socialization 1.4. Profiles of the bank Introduction to ICICI ICICI was formed in 1955 at the initiative of the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of Indian industry. ICICI Bank (BSE: ICICI) (formerly Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) is Indias largest private sector bank by market capitalization and second largest overall in terms of assets. Its industry basically includes banking, insurance capital alliance. It has about  a network of 1,668 branches and about 4,883 ATMs in India and presence in 18 countries as well as some 24 million customers (at the end of July 2007). The Bank is expanding in overseas markets and has the largest international balance sheet among Indian banks. ICICI Bank now has wholly-owned subsidiaries, branches and representatives offices in 18 countries, including an offshore unit in Mumbai. ICICI Bank is also the largest issuer of credit cards in India. It is the most valuable bank in India in terms of market capitalization. ICICI Bank offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialized subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of investment banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The principal objective was to create a development financial institution for providing medium-term and long-term project financing to Indian businesses. ICICI was the first one to introduce the concept of branding in the Indian banking industry. ICICI Bank is one of the Big Four Banks of India with State Bank of India, Axis Bank and HDFC Bank. Introduction to HDFC Hdfc bank is one of the popular private sector banks. It was established in 1994.the full name of hdfc bank is Housing Development Finance Corporation. It was the first bank to receive an approval from RBI for setting up bank in private sector. This bank was incorporated with the name HDFC bank ltd. and the registered head office of hdfc bank is in Mumbai. At present the bank is having total no. of 1412 branches and over 3275 ATMs across India MAJOR POINTS In 2002 HDFC bank witnessed and its merger with times bank limited .with this both HDFC and times bank become the first two private banks in new generation private sector banks. In 2008 RBI approved merger of Centurian bank of Punjab with HDFC bank. With this merger the total deposit reached RS 1,22,000 Crore. While advances were RS 89,000 crore and balance sheet size was RS 1,63,000 crore. All the branches of the bank are online connected with the other ensuring speedy funds transfer for the customers. The bank is Continuously using up to date technology along with market position to build maximum market share. CAPITAL STRUCTURE HDFC banks total authorized capital is RS 550 crore at present from this the paid up amount is 424.6 crore. HDFC group holds 19.4%. The bank has about 5, 70,000 share holders. Its share find a listing on the stock exchange (Mumbai and national stock exchange).hdfc banks American depository shares are listed on the New York stock exchange (NYSE). Introduction to SBI SBI, the state bank of India is a public sector bank. It was founded in 1806 in Kolkata as Bank of Calcutta. Its headquarters are situated in Corporate Centre, Madam Cama  Road, Mumbai  400 021 India. It includes the banking, insurance and capital market industry. The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of 19th century, when the  Bank of Calcutta, later renamed the  Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal and two other Presidency banks, namely, the  Bank of Bombay  (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the  Bank of Madras  (incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as  joint stock companies, and were the result of the  royal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of the Reserve Bank of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the reorganized banking entity took as its name  Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company. The roots of the State Bank of India rest in the first decade of 19th century, when the  Bank of Calcutta, later renamed the  Bank of Bengal, was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal and two other Presidency banks, namely, the  Bank of Bombay  (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the  Bank of Madras  (incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as  joint stock companies, and were the result of the  royal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency in 1861 with the Paper Currency Act, a right they retained until the formation of the  Reserve Bank of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the reorganized banking entity took as its name  Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India continued to remain a joint stock company. Pursuant to the provisions of the State Bank of India Act (1955), the  Reserve Bank of India, which is  IndiaHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_BankHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Banks central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 30 April 1955 the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. The  Govt. of India  recently acquired the Reserve Bank of Indias stake in SBI so as to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the countrys banking regulatory authority. In 1959 the Government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, enabling the State Bank of India to take over eight former State-associated banks as its subsidiaries. On  Sept 13, 2008,  State Bank of Saurashtra, one of its Associate Banks, merged with State Bank of India. State Bank of India is one of the  Big Four Banks  of India with  ICICI Bank,  Axis HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_BankBank  and  HDFC Bank. Introduction to Punjab national bank The Punjab National Bank or PNB is one of the well known commercial and banking institutions India .it is the second largest government owned commercial bank in the country and offers financial services in public sector. Around 37 million customers are served by the bank on an average basis. The customized facilities and services make it a trusted name in the domain of banking. Growth of pnb Punjab National Bank was registered under the Indian Companies Act on 19 May in the year 1894 and its first office was set up at Anarkali Bazaar in Lahore. Since then, the bank has become a great name in the field of banking and is very much preferred by the customers for the wide range of its services. Today, the bank has around 4,904 branches. Due to its facilities and services of high standards, Punjab National Bank has also been the recipient of a number of prestigious awards. Punjab National Bank offers financial solutions and services in an array of sectors. All these services that are offered keep pace with the changing market trends in order to fulfill the needs and preferences of the customers. Some of the well known sectors on which the main functions of the bank are based are: Personal Banking Corporate Banking Agriculture finance services Industrial finance services Trade financial services International banking services 2. RATIONALE OF STUDY In the past few decades, the concept of organizational culture has gained wide acceptance as a way to understand human systems. From an open-systems perspective, each aspect of organizational culture can be seen as an important environmental condition affecting the system and its subsystems. The examination of organizational culture is also a valuable analytical tool in its own right. This study tries to find out the variations that prevail in public sector banks with that of private sector banks with respect of the dimensions, artifacts and power structure etc. this study also tries to find out the relationship between organization culture and motivational level of the employees. 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3.1 Schein [1998] We can aslo charactertise culture as consisting of three levels. The most visible level is behavior and atrifacts.this is the obserable level of culture and consist of behavior patterns and outward manifestations of culture: perquistes provided to executives, dress code, level of technology utilized and the physical layout of the work spaces. All may be physical indcators of culture, but different to interpret. Artifacts and behavior may also tell us what a group is doing, but not why. 3.2 Koen [2009] While both the strategic management and the network literature recognize the importance of inter-firm relationships for explaining competitive advantage, the question why firms differ in their ability to benefit from these relationships is rarely addressed. This study aims to begin to fill this gap in the literature and argue that organizational culture is an important factor influencing the relationship skills of a firm, defined as a firms ability to manage its ties with other firms, whether these are customers, suppliers, or service providers. The researcher assume relationship skills to be especially relevant for the formation and maintenance of close and durable transaction ties. The researcher tested the model on a dataset of 127 Dutch inter-firm relations and find general support. Specifically, researcher find that firms with organizational cultures characterized by an orientation towards stability and predictability, a positive orientation towards innovation, and not character ized by a strong focus on immediate results, score high on relationship skills. Relationship skills, in turn, are found to have a positive influence on the outcomes of inter-firm relationships in terms of learning, achieving innovations and gaining new contacts, but not in terms of immediate (financial) results. 3.3 Indian Association of Computational Mechanism conflict types and role of organization culture (2004) The potential positive or negative consequence of relationship conflict versus task conflict for group members and organizations continues to be a controversial topic. Whereas a certain amount of agreement exists on the negative consequences of relationship conflict, the evidence for task conflict is not as conclusive. This has led some authors (De Dreu Weingart, 2003a,b) to propose a contingence perspective. This article continues this approach and analyzes the influence of types of conflict on group members satisfaction and wellbeing, considering the moderating role that organizational culture plays in this relationship. Two types of service organization have been studied; private organizations with a high goal oriented culture, and public organizations with a low goal oriented culture. Results show that a) relationship conflict decreases both public and private workers job satisfaction and affective wellbeing; b) task conflicts decrease private organization workers satisfaction a nd affective wellbeing, while this dysfunctional effect is absent in public organizations; c) goal orientation moderates the effect of task conflict in private organizations; and d) support orientation moderates the effect of task conflict in public organizations. 3.4 Berrio Organizational Culture Assessment Using the Competing Values Framework The contemporary definition of organizational culture (OC) includes what is valued, the dominant leadership style, the language and symbols, the procedures and routines, and the definitions of success that characterizes an organization. OC represents the values, underlying assumptions, expectations, collective memories, and definitions present in an organization (Schein, 1992; Cameron Quinn, 1999). Cameron and Quinn (1999) have developed an organizational culture framework built upon a theoretical model called the Competing Values Framework. This framework refers to whether an organization has a predominant internal or external focus and whether it strives for flexibility and individuality or stability and control. The framework is also based on six organizational culture dimensions and four dominant culture types (i.e., clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy). In addition the framework authors generated an Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) which is used to identif y the organizational culture profile based on the core values, assumptions, interpretations, and approaches that characterize organizations (Cameron Quinn, 1999). The central issue associated with organizational culture is its linkage with organizational performance. Connections between OC and performance have been established. An increasing body of evidence supports a linkage between an organizations culture and its business performance. In the business arena, evidence has confirmed that companies which put emphasis in key managerial components, such as customers, stakeholders and employees, and leadership, outperform those that do not have these cultural characteristics (Kotter Heskett,1992; Wagner Spencer, 1996). The competing values framework can be used in constructing an organizational culture profile. Through the use of the OCAI, an organizational culture profile can be drawn by establishing the organizations dominant culture type characteristics. In this respect the overa ll culture profile of an organization can be identified as: Clan: an organization that concentrates on internal maintenance with flexibility, concern for people, and sensitivity for customers. Hierarchy: an organization that focuses on internal maintenance with a need for stability and control. Adhocracy: an organization that concentrates on external positioning with a high degree of flexibility and individuality. Market: an organization that focuses on external maintenance with a need for stability and control. The culture of Ohio State University Extension plays an important role in the way Extension personnel plan, implement, and evaluate educational programs. OSU Extension is perceived by its personnel to be an institution devoted to satisfying the needs and wants of its clients through programs that are clearly defined, sensible to public needs, constantly monitored for success, and pro-actively implemented. 3.5 KAVANAGH ASHKANASY Impact of Leadership and Change Management Strategy on Organizational Culture in Case of Merger This study reports a longitudinal study that examined mergers between three large multi-site public-sector organizations. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis are used to examine the effect of leadership and change management strategies on acceptance of cultural change by individuals. Findings indicate that in many cases the change that occurs as a result of a merger is imposed on the leaders themselves, and it is often the pace of change that inhibits the successful re-engineering of the culture. In this respect, the success or otherwise of any merger hinges on individual perceptions about the manner in which the process is handled and the direction in which the culture is moved. Communication and a transparent change process are important, as this will often determine not only how a leader will be regarded, but who will be regarded as a leader. Leaders need to be competent and trained in the process of transforming organizations to ensure that individuals within th e organization accept the changes prompted by a merger. 3.6 Westerns survey of Organizational culture (2003) In December 2003, Westerns Academic and Administrative Leaders and Managers received the results of Westerns survey of organizational culture, completed in July 2003. Staff academic and administrative leaders from 33 different groupings had an opportunity to respond to survey questions regarding What is expected, from a person in your role, to fit in and meet expectations here. A report for Western as a whole was compiled, and the leaders of the 33 groups were invited to requisition confidential sub-group reports for their own areas.The initiative was undertaken on behalf of the University by Human Resources to provide a) information for focussing leader, staff, and organizational development initiatives, and b) baseline data for evaluating the outcomes of these initiatives over the next 3 years. The survey will be repeated in 2007.   Research on organizational culture conducted by the survey company used (Human Synergistics) shows that performance feedback systems and leadership p ractice exert the greatest influence on culture. Culture, in turn, can be correlated with levels of role clarity, role consistency, employee satisfaction, and commitment to customer service. Western has committed resources to enhance leadership practice, support campus-wide staff development, improve work systems, and more closely integrate academic and administrative leadership, so that all work is clearly aligned with Westerns academic mission.   Ã‚   In an effort to enhance positive aspects of Westerns culture and to decrease negative aspects, leaders can now draw on research regarding the levers for change for influencing organizational culture. Areas to improve include: communication processes, work design, the performance feedback system, and the participative dimension of the operational planning process. 3.7 McMurray- Organizational Climate and Organizational Culture (2003) This multi-method study explored the relationship between organizational climate and organizational culture in a newly emerging university. Organizational climate was explored through the distribution of a survey to 145 academic staff. An 88% response rate yielded 128 responses. To uncover the organizational culture, semi-structured interviews were, conducted with the Deputy Vice-Chancellor, the Deputy Principal, 7 Deans, and 15 Centre Heads from the various faculties. The study uncovered the ways in which organizational culture evolves and becomes intertwined with organizational climate. The data yielded new insights as to the ways in which organizational climate and culture intersect. This has particular relevance at the sub-unit level where climate features are most positive in those faculties whose subcultures are congruent with the leadership culture, and are least positive in faculty subcultures that are incongruent with the leadership. 3.8 Purang- HRD Climate in Public and private organizations Most researchers agree that a congenial HRD climate is extremely important for the ultimate achevement of the business goals. It is a phenemenon experienced by the employees and often reffered to by expressions like environment, atmosphere and so on. Climate at the individual level is a summary perception of the organizations work environment that is descriptivr rather than evaluative in nature. Another approach to the climate is the cultural approach, which proposes that the climate arises from the intersubjectivety of the members as they interact within a context established by an organizations culture. In the indian context type of organization influences the culture prevalent in the organization. Since climate is an outcome of culture this study compares the HRD climate perceptions of public and private organizations. The study compares the perception of middle level managers from different organizations and gives the conclusion that in government organizatons there is need to im prove HRD climate. 3.9 Srimannarayana HRD climate in Dubai Bank Based on the resonses of 212 employees working in a local bank in dubai, the study attempts to assess the HRD climate in a bank through a questionaire containing 38 items. The area of difference were identified in this study among the various categories of HRD climate. An attempt was made to find out the difference in the perception of HRD climate among the employees, based on position, nationality, gender and age and gives the conclusion that personal power bases had a strong direct effect on job satisfaction.both position and personal power are positevely related to job satisfaction. 3.10 Sengupta- Gender, work and organization culture Organizations work in social milieu and therefore the socio cultural factors greatly affect the organizational culture. The social role perception seemed to have a bearing on the structural role of men and women in the organization. The study aimed to examine the impact of social role on organization culture and managerial work behavior. The study concluded that managerial behavior is culturally influnced and women managers are percieved as equally competent as male managers. SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4.1 Universe/Population of the study The universe or the population of the study is confined to the four organizations viz, State bank of India, icici bank, hdfc bank and pnb 4.2 Category of respondents The respondents will be selected from the different levels of the management as per the need of the study. The respondents will be selected using the stratified random sampling. 4.3 Region of the study The study will be confined to the region of jalandhar city only, the reason for this confinement to jalandhar only is due to time and cost constraints. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5.1 Objectives Of the Study To study and describe the prevailing organization culture of Private and Public sector banks in terms of :- Artifacts Beliefs, Values and Assumptions Dimentions of Organizational Culture Relationship between organization culture and structure Relationship between organization culture and power structure. To study the effect of promotion policies and subsequent employees turnover rate : the comparison of the two orgaizations. To study the impact of organization culture on employees motivation level of two organizations. 5.2 Sample Size and Design Sampling is an essential technique in the field of research, Probably no concept is as fundamental to conduct research and interpretation of its results as is sampling. In survey kind of studies, the population under investigation is quite large, making it practically impossible for researcher to research every member of the population. The conclusions will be drawn and generalizations will be made on the basis of examination of some part of the whole population and this is termed as sampling. The population of study will consist of total number of employees working in the four banks. In this study the sample will selected from the head office of all four banks in jalandhar named as state bank of india, Punjab national bank, hdfc and icici. For this purpose the whole the population will be divided into 5 categories i.e. M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5. 5.3 Method of Data Collection The feedback forms will be used for the purpose of data collection. The feedback will be directly given to the respondents. The instructions will be clearly given on the feedback forms to facilitate easy and accurate responses but in order to avoid biasness in the responses; the purpose of the study will not disclosed. The respondents will be assured that the record would be kept confidential. if they faced any difficulty in understanding any item the meaning will be readily explained without biasing their responses in case of direct filling of questionnaire. These feedback forms will be given to whole of the sample and the feedback will be analyzed as after. 5.4 Instrument to be Used The study will be conducted using pre-structured questionnaire. To facilitate answering, the questions will be developed in simple words, to convey the real and full meaning. The questionnaire will be also pre-tested to see whether the respondents would face any difficulty in understanding and answering the questions. The questionnaire will be divided into two parts. The first part of the questionnaire will aim at getting basic information relating to the respondents socio-economic background such as age, education, marital status, occupation, monthly income etc. and in the second part of the study the detailed information for the motivation level and impact of other cultural variables among employees. 5.5 Statistical Analysis and Tools The data, after collection will be processed and analyzed, comparisons and analysis will be made. Thus, in the process of analysis, relationships or differences supporting or conflicting with original or new hypothesis will be subjected to statistical tests of significance to determine with what validity data can be said to indicate any conclusion 5.6 Proposed Plan Introduction Research Methodology Introduction to the company Data presentation Analysis Conclusion Bibliography 5.6 Limitations of the study The study do not take all the issues relating to the organization culture due to time constraint, but an attempt is made to cover all the important issues in the study. There may be some bias in the responses which cannot be ruled out. i.e. some of the feedbacks may not be given with honesty.

The Obesity Epidemic Essay -- Obesity in America

In 1990, obese adults made up less than 15 percent of the population in most U.S. states. By 2010, 36 states had obesity rates of 25 percent or higher, and 12 of those had obesity rates of 30 percent or higher. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) Even more alarming, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is on the rise, and youth are becoming overweight and obese at earlier ages. One out of six children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 are obese and one out of three are overweight or obese. (Ogden, 2012) This essay looks at the question of what are the main causes of obesity and what steps the school system can take to assist in the reduction of childhood obesity. While childhood obesity has been increasing, the school system continues to struggle with what exactly their role is in the fight against this epidemic. With these rising concerns from not only the parents, but also the government, our school system has now placed important emphasis on physical fitness and offering children a physical education program that will not only reduce the childhood obesity rate here in America, but also increase the child’s academic skill levels through motivation and exercise. While the school system is offering this physical education to the children, the need for educators to be equipped with the educational knowledge base to offer the children is a subject of great concern. Many teachers today lack the education themselves to properly instruct children within the physical education classroom and there for need to acquire additional edification themselves. The demand for superior physical education at the basic levels of education is extremely vit al as research has shown that there is a relati... ...or Physical Education. In Dynamic Physical Education For Elementary School Children (pp. 1-19). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tinning, R. (1990). Chapter 1Physical education, curriculum, and culture:Physical Activity and knowledge. In D. Kirk (Ed.), Physical Education, Curriculum And Culture: Critical Issues In The Contemporary Crisis (pp. 1-18). doi: ISBN 1-85000-674-1 Wall, S., Rudisill, M., Goodway, J., & Parish, L. (2004). A comparison of three movement settings on the development of fundamental motor skills in young children. [Supplemental material]. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(S194.). Wong, A. K., & Chueng, S. (2010). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Measurement in Physical Education & Exercise Science, 14(3), 202-209. doi: 10.1080/10913671003726968