Topics for a Persuasive Essay Jane Austin Features

Topics for a Persuasive Essay Jane Austin Features Topics for a Persuasive Essay Jane Austin Features Good persuasive essay topics must be persuasive. To assist you craft an intriguing essay, here are a few decent persuasive topics for you to pick from. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many students. Moreover, all essay topics for Pride and Prejudice can allow you to produce your own topic. You might be given the topic straight away by your professor, or you might be free to opt for the topic yourself. Still, figuring out the very best topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. So locating the finest persuasive essay topics is crucial. There are several intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! Then you're interested in figuring out how to compose persuasive paper. The very first step is where a lot of students become stuck. There are varying views on whether or not a college education is necessary in order to have a thriving life. If you're likely to recite a speech, you might also choose something informative. Selecting the proper topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy matter to do as it might seem. Even thought you may not think you're a master at persuasion, it is likely t hat you're far better than you believe. Though people believe education is a correct and will make society, overall, a better place for everybody, others feel there's no legitimate method to provide a free college education as colleges would still have to be funded (likely through tax dollars). Persuasive essays are an excellent means to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. The thesis provides you with a guideline about how to go about with writing the essay. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. The intention of the essay is to select an argument and attempt to persuade the reader to adopt it. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. At the exact same time, it's a terrific persuasive essay idea. When you settle on the subject and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. A great deal of students have a tendency to find writing a persuasive essay somewhat challenging on account of the essence of the essay and its dynamics. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you might want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. A conclusion is, without a doubt, the main portion of the argumentative essay as possible either support the very good impression or destroy it entirely. Lastly, it is the final paragraph that restates the main topics and the thesis. To begin with, if you're arranging a persuasive speech, you ought to think about a topic that could create mental pictures in the minds of your audience. The author of an expository text cannot assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or prior comprehension of the topic that's being discussed. The value of research in persuasive writing cannot be overstated. Apparently, you ought not purposely select a topic that will bore your audience. Remember your essay shouldn't be a string of jokes, it's a narrative it ought to have a start, middle and the end. Persuasive essay ideas entail a correct research on the subject, awareness of the targeted readers' biases and a great comprehension of either side of the situation. Since you can see, a lot of the topics listed are new and handle the recent issues happening in the World today. The simplest way to select a persuasive essay topic is to explore a present issue. How to Find Topics for a Persuasive Essay Jane Austin Online Lastly, the main difference between the two kinds of writing is the intention of the text. Normally, having three main arguments to demonstrate your point is sufficient for a convincing paper. It's possible to also restate the ideas which you have discussed in the body paragraphs in order to make your point valid. It's best in the event you choose a topic in which you are in possession of a genuine interest in since you'll be doing plenty of resear ch on it and if it's something which you take pleasure in the procedure will be significantly easier and more enjoyable. For instance, if you've always been a leader-type of person, it would be in your favor to pick out a topic that addresses leadership. A survival program should develop into a must-have for each and every family in the event of natural disasters. Regardless, it's always a better idea to work with a topic that is especially close to you and that you get a genuine interest in, instead of just picking a random topic. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's crucial to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study.

Mad Hot Ballroom Essay - 1327 Words

With a regular schedule for all these students, everyone is expected to simply do the work at home, and come back to school to turn it in and receive more and do the same process over and over. But when there are other activities a child can be involved in, it makes routines have a slight change. Especially if these certain â€Å"activities† are being a requirement and not just an option because there are always students who never try new activities and miss out on opportunities. Therefore, students should be offered extracurricular activities in their schools because it gains skills and builds pride to be successful academically in Anaheim. In the documentary, â€Å"Mad Hot Ballroom† the director, Marilyn Agrelo, states that â€Å"the kids that are†¦show more content†¦Every student in every school, belongs to a different household, with a different family, and different ways of living their lives. Not every student falls under one same reason as to why they fail in school. And what each of these researchers are doing, is giving an entire article over one reason they think is good enough, but the truth is, a researcher is not capable of writing an article over one single reason and believe they have solved the mystery. There is no â€Å"general idea† as to why. Teachers, principals and researchers categorize every failing student as unsuccessful, but it is that same reason that drives those same students towards where they are headed. I’ve seen this in my younger brother who is a sophomore. He started failing from the minute my stepfather starting shooting him down for his â€Å"C† grades in Junior High. That lessened my brother’s potential and lessened his idea of being successful. After every school meeting, every detention, every phone call; He gave up. All this attention he was receiving, he didn’t want it, nor did he need it to succeed. There’s a difference between wanting to help a student , and simply wasting time on one. What these teachers, principals, and my stepfather did, was waste their time and my brother’s. Because in the end, he didn’t care to change. Especially with continuous judgment, categorizing and comparisons to other children or family members. In the article, â€Å"Kewauna’s Ambition†,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Ambition In Education1809 Words   |  8 Pagesthe time both the common student and the school contribute towards the matter. Though public schools cannot stop the failure of students in their education, they do possess the capability to help influence them with a hope for success. In Gladwell’s essay, â€Å"Marita’s Bargain†, we are introduced to KIPP (Knowledge Is Power Program), a public education system set up by teachers. In concordance to the research provided by the author, such schools discipline their students with various sorts of future-improving

Racisms Nature Essay Example For Students

Racisms Nature Essay In our textbook, prejudice is defined as: a form of thinking whereby anindividual forms an unfavorable attitude directed towards groups of people,based on insufficient or incorrect evidence about these groups. Prejudicehas been a part of society for as long as society has been. There are manydifferent theories on the reasons for why people form prejudices. The theory ofsocial categorization states that it is human nature to put people intocategories based on certain characteristics. Which is also how we formstereotypes. Stereotypes give us a preconceived notion of how people of acertain group are going to act before we have experienced it firsthand. Basically, stereotypes are generalizations. They may apply to some members of aparticular group but definitely not everyone. Another theory, illusorycorrelation, states that we tend to notice unusual behavior that occurs inminority groups rather than the same behavior that would occur in a majoritygroup. The theory that I find most interesting is the social-identity theory,which states that people are prejudice in order to increase there self-esteem bybelieving that other groups are inferior to them. After reading about all thedifferent reasons for prejudice, I believe that it is a combination of all thetheories mentioned above. I also strongly believe that the way a person isbrought up strongly ties into their beliefs. If a child is brought up listeningto his/hers parents talking negatively about a certain group of people it oftenleads to the child having the same beliefs as their parents. Another possiblecause is if someone has a bad or traumatizing experience. For instance, ifsome one is robbed by a person of a different race they may than believe thateveryone of that race is a thief and therefore they form a prejudice againstthat group of people. Experience is an important factor in why some peoplebecome prejudice or not. Imagine you have grown up on a farm in Idaho yourentire life. You have never seen or met an African American person first hand,but your whole life you have been told that they are terrible people who dealdrugs and murder innocent people. Although they have never experienced themfirsthand, automatically this person will have a negative outlook on that groupof people. The point I am trying to make is that your different experiences andwhat you have been taught plays a big role in the prejudices that you will form. Usually if you are immersed by all different kinds of people and have knownpeople from all different cultures, you will tend to have a more open mind. Ignorance is the biggest reason for why we form prejudices in the first place. If we think back to the fifties and sixties, the amount of prejudice and racialdiscrimination has been reduced dramatically. However, as much as society triesto stress the importance of equality there is still a great amount ofdiscrimination still going on in the world. So, how can we reduce prejudiceeffectively? I believe that a major part in this process is educating peoplefrom young ages about prejudice and how they need to be open to all types ofpeople. Schools need to be culturally diversified so that child can experienceother types of people firsthand. I know that isnt as easy as it sounds,especially when we put into perspective financial situations and where schoolsare located, but I think it is important that from a young age that peopleexperience all types of cultures. Another way to educate people is by stressingthat people are all different, whether it is from the way they dress or they waythat they talk. Instead of looking down at other peoples differences we need tobe ta ught to celebrate them. In conclusion, I believe that prejudice issomething that still plagues our society. I feel that it has definitely hasimproved over time and if things keep progressing, prejudice could possiblycease to exist in the future. As long as we keep educating our children andsociety, I think we are heading towards the right track.

NEEDS ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES AND FINDINGS Essays - Needs Assessment

NEEDS ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES AND FINDINGS After reviewing the selected readings section, I found that the author of the book had the thought that making and using flowcharts is the most important action in process control. As I read on, he seems to state that the easiest and best way to understand a process is to draw it. The author outlines several steps to follow with this project. The first being; Before you try to solve a problem, define it. To do this I chose a subject that I felt affects everyone today. And our problem is healthcare, or rather the lack of it. The first step is to start with data collection; since everyone from the insurance companies, to the government collects and stores data, facts, and figures on the cost, effects, and statistics on health. This portion is not to difficult to research. With this information, I can list cost of medical care, insurance rates, and the percentage of people not receiving care. Also, with this information should be able to project future cost and potential for lack of care for specific groups. The second step in creating any project is; before you try to control a process, understand it. To meet this step we should look at cause and affect diagrams. We would need to look at all the parties involved. We would need to look at environment that healthcare is operating in. We should also search out what can be lost by finding a viable solution to this problem. How inaction is affecting the population as a whole. And how many different avenues are being looked at as a solution to this particular crisis we are facing. The key to success in this problem seems to be the participation of everyone, since the decisions that are being made affect us all. The third step for researching this paper would be; before trying to control everything, find out what is important. To meet this step, we would use cause and effect, and histograms. Because there are so many issues that effect this problem. You have to sort all the factors. We have to look at what is important to all, and find the common needs that best help everyone. For instance, the doctors want to make money, but the patients want affordable, quality care. And everyone wants the best care without some insurance company telling them that they do not that particular service. And the histograms would be useful because not every item presented affects other items. So they may not need that much change. An instance of this is that where you live should not dictate what cost of insurance you have to pay. And the last step is; start by picturing the process. For this we would use the flowchart itself. We should included the requirements and specifications, expectations, delivery, cost, defined the process, measure the process, steps to improve the process, and ways to improve and control the process. We should also looked at other designs that are currently being tried to solve this problem. Most of the people I have worked with currently do not have any kind of healthcare plan. So what happens when they really need help. Directed study Needs Assessments December 1998 EDWARD A. CLARKE MGT 480 INSTRUCTOR Martin Berman

We All Have the Right to Die in Dignity

We All Have the Right to Die in Dignity Do You Believe Euthanasia (Assisted Suicide) is Right? Life is quite good to some people. People all over the world every day become healthy, wealthy and wise and live very long lives with their spouses, full of experience and adventure. All in all, they live a life with little suffering, if any at all. But for some people, life is quite cruel, strife with a disease, heartbreak, hardship, bankruptcy and premature death. It’s terrible to see, hoping it would never happen to us. Not to be too depressive, but it happens too often. But don’t worry: no one makes it out alive anyway. Nonetheless, to steer the conversation forward, every single person has the right to Euthanasia – or an assisted suicide: the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. It is a very controversial issue, as it is illegal in many American states. However, a single person alive deserves to die with dignity. First of all, Euthanasia should be legalized across the board, internationally, because no one should have the right to decide if and when another person can end their life. It is up to that individual considering Euthanasia to decide. They own their life, so they’re responsible for it. And if they wish to end it, because of illness, suffering, hardship or other dire reasons, they can. Why should anyone be concerned if another wants to end their own being? It’s none of anyone else’s business. It’s Existentialism at its finest: a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. If a person’s will is to end their existence, through Euthanasia, they are born with the power to decide this fate – and if they need a doctor’s assistance for this, a doctor could legally be allowed to take a patient’s life, with the patient permitting, of course Secondly, some instances truly call for an end to the suffering, so people certainly have the right to Euthanasia. They have a right to die with dignity because living in dignity is not exactly an option for them. Picture an active 41-year-old person woman. She loves to jet ski and canoe and boat on the water, being outside in the fine weather and with family to share a holiday and fine meal. The spice of life is peppered with her waking moments, and she loves it. Then one day she is diagnosed with ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease), a motor neuron disease. It affects one’s motor skills and bodily functions  and ultimately corrodes the body and its usefulness. The famous theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking has ALS, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. But now, like Hawking, this woman cannot move, nor can she take care of cleaning herself, using the bathroom and eating. For years she has been in terrible anguish, feeling like she is a burden to every around her. She is despondent – but where she lives, in Virginia, Euthanasia is illegal. Though she wants to, she cannot end her life of suffering, even if it is her wish and will to do so. She is therefore stuck in a life that will have sourly for her, one that ended more like a living hell than a life at all. She certainly deserves assisted suicide, don’t you think? Lastly – and thankfully to conclude this argument, which is painful to expound on at length – it’s a horrendous feeling to imagine if this person were you. Would you want the power to have a doctor inject you with something to suddenly end your life, painlessly and with dignity? Why should a person be made to wait until they are pathetically decrepit, a wasted piece of humanity, to wither away like a dead flower? Every person deserves a proud, classy, peaceful and clean way to die – and they should never be forced to waiver this inalienable right. A human being deserves a humane death, and Euthanasia should never be considered a crime. If anything it’s more a beautiful, selfless gift to someone who needs an urgent end to the pain. It’s their way out of the suffering, and only the patient has the right to end their physical being and transcends this reality. Though this argument will continue for many years to come, it’s important to ha ve empathy and be active in teaching others about Euthanasia.

The History and Process of Textile Production

The History and Process of Textile Production The creation of textiles, or cloth and fabric materials, is one of humanity’s oldest activities. Despite the great advances in production and manufacturing of clothing, the creation of natural textiles still to this day relies on the effective conversion of fiber into yarn and then yarn to fabric. As such, there are four primary steps in the manufacturing of textiles which have remained the same. The first is the harvest and cleaning of the fiber or wool. The second is carding and spinning into threads. The third is to weave the threads into cloth. Lastly, the fourth is to fashion and sew the cloth into clothes. Early Production Like food and shelter, clothing is a basic human requirement for survival. When settled Neolithic cultures discovered the advantages of woven fibers over animal hides, the making of cloth emerged as one of humankinds fundamental technologies drawing on existing basketry techniques. From the earliest hand-held spindle and distaff and basic hand loom to the highly automated spinning machines and power looms of today, the principles of turning vegetable fiber into cloth have remained constant: Plants are cultivated and the fiber harvested. The fibers are cleaned and aligned, then spun into yarn or thread. Finally, the yarns are interwoven to produce cloth. Today we also spin complex synthetic fibers, but they are still woven together using the same process as cotton and flax were millennia ago. The Process, Step-by-Step Picking: After the fiber of choice was harvested, picking was the process that followed. Picking removed foreign matter (dirt, insects, leaves, seeds) from the fiber. Early pickers beat the fibers to loosen them and removed debris by hand. Eventually, machines used rotating teeth to do the job, producing a thin lap ready for carding.Carding: Carding was the process by which the fibers were combed to align and join them into a loose rope called a sliver. Hand carders pulled the fibers between wire teeth set in boards. Machines would be developed to do the same thing with rotating cylinders. Slivers (rhymes with divers) were then combined, twisted, and drawn out into roving.Spinning. After carding created slivers and roving, spinning was that process that twisted and drew out the roving and wound the resulting yarn on a bobbin. A spinning wheel operator drew out the cotton by hand. A series of rollers accomplished this on machines called throstles and spinning mules.Warping: Warping ga thered yarns from a number of bobbins and wound them close together on a reel or spool. From there they were transferred to a warp beam, which was then mounted on a loom. Warp threads were those that ran lengthwise on the loom. Weaving: Weaving was the final stage in making textiles and cloth. Crosswise woof threads were interwoven with warp threads on a loom. A 19th-century power loom worked essentially like a hand loom, except that its actions were mechanized and therefore much faster.

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Portfolio - Essay Example The observation class had 24 learners, all from different community background; 3 support teachers and the class teacher. The children fall between 3 and 4 years, and during the start of the class, they were all sited on the floor, as the teacher took the class register. Due to their varied community backgrounds, approximately 80 percent of the learners are bilingual: they are of language and national backgrounds foreign to the U.K. The observation reports for observation 1 and 2 are included in this report as Appendix 1 and 2, respectively. Qualitative observation was the primary qualitative tools of inquiry used for this particular observation study, towards ensuring that the study gave as much information as possible, through the two observation cases. The narrative method of reporting is used in presenting the information and the inferences drawn form the two observations: narrative reporting was an effective evaluation and reporting model for this observation. The principle of à ¢â‚¬Ëœemergent literacy’ is used to describe the wider conception of learning, for the learners between the ages 0 to 5. Under this conception, emphasis is placed on informal learning strategies and learning settings, using a variety of activities and exercises, for example the activity of fighting dinosaurs, which looks very informal, but offered an effective learning experience for the children (Yarden et al., 1999). Critical evaluation and analysis of the resources and the strategies used during the exercise As explained by Maria Montessori (1870-1952), young learners, during their initial years of schooling, require a systematic and orderly way of training and education – so they can master different skill-sets, one after another. This is in line with Whitehead (2010), who advocates that learners, during early years of learning should be taught using activities like writing and reading exercises, incorporated into plays. For example, during the second activity, the teachers required the learners to write or draw names of things they were familiar with, for example dog and cat, as a way to improve their comprehension of the letters of the alphabet. The activities helped them to explore the surroundings around them, so they can create sense from their perceived experiences. The two activities for the class are developed according to the standards of the EYFS syllabus, which incorporates learning in fun to do activities, and plays or games. For example, through the activity of the fighting dinosaurs, the social and communication skills of the children were greatly fostered (DCSF, 2008). According to Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), instructors are obligated to carefully observe, design and plan study activities in a way that will challenge the young learners’, next level of conception and learning. From the current case, it is evident that the teachers had designed the activities in a careful manner – so as to enhance and simulate the int erest of the learners in the learning incorporated into play. For example, through the first activity, where different children were supposed to act-out different roles, the creativity of the children was fostered – for example, they were supposed to make dinosaur sounds. The group that was supposed to protect the baby dinosaur was to build a wall to shield it, which greatly improves the motor skills of children within their age range. According to Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), special emphasis should be placed on ensuring that children are not taught concepts or ideas that they may not be ready to take-in. For example, in the second observation, the teacher only required the children to draw words of common things

Epstein-Barr Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Epstein-Barr Virus - Research Paper Example the presence of a virus in the cultured specimen and the three published their discovery the same year with the development of antibodies and mononucleosis taking place later. Consequently, the three scientists were able to observe the development of antibodies to the virus (Robertson 18). Perhaps the most common relationship of EBV with any other virus is in relationship to the TTV. In this case, the relationship regards the association between these two viruses and their infection of B-cell lymphoma and the Hodgskin lymphoma (Figueiredo et al. 736). In line with this, an increase in the tolerance of contagion within the first 48 hours of infection with the virus called herpes simplex indicates a demonstration of the conversion of EBV. In effect, this phenomenon implies that it is feasible to have TTV and EBV viruses in the same B cell (Figueiredo 736). Medical practitioners point out that Epstein-Barr is one of the most common infections that affected human beings. In line with this, experts suggested that the infection affected approximately 95% of the adult population by the time that they reached 40 years of age. In effect, this implies that the disease can affect any individual despite their geographical location and almost the entire world’s population has once suffered the disease. Nonetheless, most incidents of Epstein-Barr do not indicate the presence of symptoms in a person. In addition, an incidence of the infection puts an individual at a risk of mononucleosis with approximately 35-40% of those infected likely to develop this condition (Schueler, Beckett, and Gettings). A series of a standardized process characterizes the progression of EBV. First, EBV attacks the B-cells at the point of CR-2 (CD 21) while using the glycoprotein (GP 350/220). However, it could also attack the epithelial cells that do not possess the CD 21. This affects the epithelial cells that infect the Blymphocyte resulting to the latency stage. The cells infected exhibit

Comparing Business and Econimic Opportunities in India and China Essay Example for Free

Comparing Business and Econimic Opportunities in India and China Essay From my perspective, the main factor contributes to the difference in FDI and economic growth in China and India are institutions. There are two kinds of institutions; one is formal institution, including political system, legal system and economic system, another one is informal institution, which consists of culture, business norms and ethics. As for political system in India, which labeled as sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. It is similar to America, it has the federal form of government, its central government is patterned after the British parliamentary system, and several Parties are able to take control of the nation, but the main power to control the country is the central government. Compare with Chinese communist totalitarianism, India is more democratic in terms of the political system. In other, words, it is more easier to set up your own business in India and which may absorb more capital thanks to the democratic political system in India. According to the corruption perceptions index 2012, India got the score of 36, and China got the score of 39, the lower score means the country is highly corrupt in the public sector. Therefore, China is more attractive to foreign investors in terms of the corruption level. As for political risk, thanks to corruption and the departure of several key allies for India, the government has been weakened in India, which make India less attractive for foreign investment to compare with China. As for protecting intellectual property right, the provisions of intellectual property right in India is more comprehensive than Chinese, which ensures foreign companies get an easier access to take control of intellectual property in India. According to the data from Global EDGE, Chinese government provides more protections on labors to compare with India. Which is a good sign for encouraging FDI in China. According to Ease of Paying Taxes Index on Global EDGE website, which ranks the country based on their total tax rate as well as measuring the administrative burden of paying taxes. India ranked 152 and China ranked 122; this indicates that compare with doing business in India, foreign companies may not have much pressure of paying tax for the government in China, which is positive sign for foreign companies to expanded to Chinese to get rid of the high tax rate. As for economic system, both of China and India used to be in the  command economy, but they have reformed their economy system to mixed economy in 1978 and 1991 respectively. From my perspective, the early reform of Chinese economy provides a rapid development of the economy in China, which contributes to the higher GDP compare with India now. The economic growth of India is constrained by the inadequate infrastructure, which may creates obstacles for foreign investment. As for cultures, business norm and ethic, India got a huge number of well-educated people skilled in English skill, which is easier for foreign investors to overcome the languages barriers to compare with China. The religion is a factor which foreign investor has to take into account when they want to enter India. Thanks to different religion groups in India, the core value and the norms are widely differ from different religions, which take time to understand those value and norms when doing business among Indians. According to data from The Hofstede Center, China and India almost had the same score in power distance, collectivist culture, masculinity and uncertainty avoidance, but China is more long-term oriented, the investment is tend to be more long-term projects for instance, the real estate. From my perspective, choosing India to invest is a wise decision, the main reason I recommend the India for foreign investment is that companies may not face as much as competition in India compare with China. There are a huge number of multinational firms in China; it is more difficult to be successful due to the fierce competition in China. As for India, where had a more comprehensive legal system, which can reduce the cost of doing business and improve the security of foreign investment. The democratic society may offer more opportunities for foreign investors as well. The India cannot surpass China within a short period of time because of the inadequate infrastructures; the inadequate infrastructures is the key factor which constraints the economic growth in India. It is capital and time-consuming to build infrastructures within a short period of time.

Operation Barbarossa Essay -- essays research papers

OPERATION BARBAROSSA The invasion of Russia was the largest military campaign of the Second World War. Operation Barbarossa, as it was known, was launched on 22 June 1941 and completely took Russia by surprise. The widening war raging in Africa and eastern Europe were key distractions for Hitler from his ultimate goal of attacking Russia. Although the British army remained undefeated in the west, Hitler’s goal proved an urgency for him to begin moving on the east. Whilst planning was made throughout 1940 for the invasion of Russia, time was favorable towards the Russians and they continued to mobilize their resources and strengthen their defense forces. The invasion of the Germans was a complete surprise as Russian dictator, Josef Stalin, had failed to acknowledge the increasing German troop concentrations on the border and he had also ignored British intelligence reports stating that Germany had intended to attack. Hitler once again used the Blitzkrieg technique with German tanks and air power leading the attack. There were three powerful German armies, made up of over 3 million men which moved into Russia. As one army group headed north towards Leningrad, a center group headed towards Moscow and a southern group moved to capture the food producing area of the Ukraine. By now, the Germans were thrilled with their fast advancements and initial success, including the fact that they had captured over 400 000 Russian soldiers. In late July, the advance on Leningrad and Mosco... Operation Barbarossa Essay -- essays research papers OPERATION BARBAROSSA The invasion of Russia was the largest military campaign of the Second World War. Operation Barbarossa, as it was known, was launched on 22 June 1941 and completely took Russia by surprise. The widening war raging in Africa and eastern Europe were key distractions for Hitler from his ultimate goal of attacking Russia. Although the British army remained undefeated in the west, Hitler’s goal proved an urgency for him to begin moving on the east. Whilst planning was made throughout 1940 for the invasion of Russia, time was favorable towards the Russians and they continued to mobilize their resources and strengthen their defense forces. The invasion of the Germans was a complete surprise as Russian dictator, Josef Stalin, had failed to acknowledge the increasing German troop concentrations on the border and he had also ignored British intelligence reports stating that Germany had intended to attack. Hitler once again used the Blitzkrieg technique with German tanks and air power leading the attack. There were three powerful German armies, made up of over 3 million men which moved into Russia. As one army group headed north towards Leningrad, a center group headed towards Moscow and a southern group moved to capture the food producing area of the Ukraine. By now, the Germans were thrilled with their fast advancements and initial success, including the fact that they had captured over 400 000 Russian soldiers. In late July, the advance on Leningrad and Mosco...

Theism vs Antheism

Do you believe in God? God is a being that no one has ever been able to prove exists. When someone chooses to believe in God; that decision is based solely on their faith. It is a decision that someone decides in their heart, which is often based on experiences in their life; whether they are simply personal experiences or religious ones. It is not a secret to anyone that God has never been be seen, heard, nor touched by any living human according to history and the present day. Though, the bible gives the personal testimonies of many righteous men of God’s goodness and existence, how can one prove that to be true? According to Nils Ch. Raught (2007) â€Å"If [an] argument from religious experiences is to be successful, we must focus our attention on those religious experiences that closely resemble ordinary perceptual experiences† (p. 180). So, I will give you my personal account of God’s goodness in my life and why I personally believe Theism makes a stronger case than Atheism. In January of 2005, my wife and I decided it was time to have another baby. Right after our decision, we found out that my wife was pregnant right away! We were so happy to be adding another addition to our family; our eldest daughter was already five at the time and we didn’t want to have our children too far apart. We were incredibly excited and made our announcement that Valentine’s day to all of our friends and family. Everything was going great until my wife went to one of a doctor appointment for her first trimester pre-natal serum screening tests. Basically, this testing will determine if the fetus has any chromosome problems that include Down syndrome. This test is optional, even though my wife was never told that during her visit. The visit went fine and the nurse told her that she would be contacted if the tests came back abnormal. Well, three days later my wife had a message on her phone from the nurse saying she needed to call about her blood results. My wife was a mess. She cried and said she knew something was wrong. After talking to the nurse my wife’s fears were confirmed; the blood results had come back abnormal. This was an eye opening experience for my wife and I. We decided that if we were going to have a Down syndrome child that we wanted to prepare ahead of time, since we knew that they have special health care needs. We scheduled an Amniocentesis and had to wait two weeks to get that test done. They were the two longest weeks of our life. My wife was a nervous wreck and I was too. During this time, we spent a lot of time praying and just trusting that no matter what the outcome was; this is what was meant for our family. Not being mad at God was hard; even though I had never felt as close to him before in my life! Finally, the day came for the test and again we had to wait three days for the results. On the third day, we found out our baby was perfectly healthy and that we were having another little girl. Even though, in our situation, God blessed us; I know he let us go through this situation so we could grow closer to him. I could feel his presence in my life during that trying time. Not only did my wife give birth to a beautiful baby girl, she also had our daughter on her Mother’s birthday. This is very significant because her mother tragically died in a car accident in November, of 2003. My wife went into labor naturally and had our daughter on my mother-in-laws birthday! We truly felt like God was blessing us! We felt as though for trusting in God and being patient he was rewarding us. In conclusion, one must ask themselves; do I have a purpose in my life? Am I looking at the big picture here? After my body physically dies someday, is that it? Personally, I think not. When one adopts the Atheist point of view, that choice accepts there is ultimately no superior being and no life after physical death. According to Nils Ch. Rauhut (2007) â€Å"[If] we conclude that God does not exist, we are faced with a different situation. While we are then free to dismiss most religious activities as nonsense, we consequently have to accept the idea that we are finite beings who live in a universe without ultimate meaning or purpose† (p. 173). I cannot accept that humans exist to live without any ultimate meaning or purpose; especially when we live on a planet that is so complex and beautiful. Can any scientist tell us how the Universe came into existence? Or, how old it is? There are creatures on Earth that are still being discovered today! Perhaps, one could look at the beauty in a sunrise or sunset. Perhaps, one could believe in God when they watch their new born babies eye lashes grow over the course of a week after they’re born; it is truly amazing! God created all things with such imagination and carefulness-each living thing is amazingly unique and has a purpose on this Earth no matter how big or small that purpose may be. In my opinion, Atheism is a belief that doesn’t leave much to look forward to. Though, it may be hard to explain God’s existence because he cannot be physically seen or heard, it shouldn’t be so hard to believe that the human race was created for purpose; one that exceeds this life on Earth.

Advertisement Effectiveness

Introduction: Advertising is a form of communication used to encourage or persuade an audience to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behaviour with respect to a commercial offering, although political & ideological advertising is also common. The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful.Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; including mass media such as newspapers; magazines; television commercials, radio advertising, outdoor advertising or direct mail or new media such as blogs, website or text messages. Definition: Advertising is bringing a product(or service) to the attention of potential & current customers. Advertisement is typically done with signs, brochures, commercial, direct mailings or e-mail messages, personal contact etc. The importance of advertising is â€Å"steadily on the increase in mod ern society†.Just as the media of social communication themselves have enormous influence everywhere so advertisement using media as its vehicle, is a pervasive, powerful force shaping attitudes & behaviour in today’s world. The field of advertising is extremely broad & diverse. In general terms, of course an advertisement is simply public notice meant to convey information & invite patronage or some other response. As that suggest, advertising has two main purposes: To inform & To persuade. These purposes are distinguishable-both are very often simultaneously present Objectives of the study: To study the effectiveness of advertisement of mobile phones. * To analyze & compare the consumers attitude towards advertisement regarding mobile phones. * To know the buying behaviour of the consumers with regard to the advertisement. * To show the true values of the advertisement regarding mobile phones. Statement of the problem: The effectiveness of advertisement which plays a crucial role to identify the target customers and the target market segment for every companies & firms. It is worth noted that, the effectiveness of dvertisement should thoroughly scrutinized by every organisation. Thus there are various issues involved in the advertisement & measurement of its effectiveness. The problem here is how many consumers buy mobile phones by seeing advertisements? Is advertisement really motivating the public to buy the product? The study relates with the influence of the advertisement towards them the researcher has the curiosity to know about how advertisement effect through various brands of mobile phones. Scope of the study: Theme is the subject matter of advertisement.An advertisement copy should bridge the gap between the advertisers & readers if it is to be effective. To achieve this the advertisement has to provide the audience the information that is of interest to them. Undertaken to know the effectiveness of advertisement in the minds of consum ers and also to know the factor which attracts more from it. This will help to identify the role of advertisements. The present investigation has been undertaken to know and analyse the factors influencing the mobile phones & the role of media which influences them to prefer a particular product.Methodology: The research is descriptive in nature. Both primary & secondary data have been collected for the study. Primary data were collected through questionnaire schedule from a sample of 25 respondents at the random. The secondary data was collected from magazines, books, websites. Sampling of the study: A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample (i:e) the size of the sample.Sample design is determined before data are collected. Simple random sampling method is used for selecting the respondents in order to collect the required data. Sources o f data: Sources of data are mainly classified in two: Primary data & Secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time & thus happen to be original in character. The primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire prepared with respect to the objective of the study.Simply primary data refers to the information got directly from the sampled respondents. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process. The secondary data are based on the documents available in the form of: Books Journals Published papers Internet Data Analysis and Statistical tools: The data collected were analysed and tabulations were made regarding the responses given by the respondents.No statistical tools were used in this project to measure the effectiveness of advertisements. Limitations of the study: 1) Sample size is small as compare to universe. 2) Respondents are b iased towards their personal preferences and they might have not answered the questions correctly. 3) Due to simple random sampling there may be large deviation from that of universe. Chapter Scheme: Chapter 1: Introduction, objectives, statement of the problem, scope of the study, methodology, limitations of the study.Chapter 2: Contents and review of literature. Chapter 3: Company profile. Chapter 4: Data analysis and Interpretations Chapter 5: Findings, suggestions and conclusions Contents & Review of Literature: Meaning of Advertising: The word advertising is derived from the latin word,†advertero†. â€Å"Ad† meaning towards and â€Å"verto† meaning â€Å"to turn†. Definitions of Advertising: Philip Kolter says â€Å"Advertising is ant paid form of non-personal presentation of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor. † William J.Stanton,†Advertising consists of all the activities in presenting to a group a non-personal, or al or visual, openly sponsored message regarding a product, service or idea. † Features of Advertising: * Advertising is one of the methods of promotion mix. * It is a paid mass communication, not aiming at a specific individual. * It is a form of publicity, i. e dissemination of information regarding a product, service or idea. * It is salesmanship in writing or printed salesmanship. * It is a mass non-personal communication. Functions

Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay Example

Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay Example Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay Causes Of Corruption Essay Essay The paper stresses the demand to maintain the issue of corruptness forthrightly in position in the development docket. It discusses the causes and effects of corruptness. particularly in the context of a least developed state with considerable ordinance and cardinal way. Lack of transparence. answerability and consistence. every bit good as institutional failings such as in the legislative and judicial systems. supply fertile land for growing of rent seeking activities in such a state. In add-on to the rise of an belowground economic system and the high societal costs associated with corruptness. its inauspicious effects on income distribution. ingestion forms. investing. the authorities budget and on economic reforms are highlighted in the paper. The paper besides touches upon the supply side of graft and its international dimensions and nowadayss some ideas on how to turn to the corruptness issue and to seek and convey it under control. There is a turning worldwide concern over corruptness at the present clip. Several factors are responsible for this. First. a consensus has now been reached that corruptness is cosmopolitan. It exists in all states. both developed and developing. in the public and private sectors. every bit good as in non-profit and charitable organisations. Second. allegations and charges of corruptness now play a more cardinal function in political relations than at any other clip. Governments have fallen. callings of universe renowned public figures ruined. and reputes of well-respected organisations and concern houses severely tarnished on history of it. The international mass media provenders on it and dirts and improper behavior. particularly of those in high topographic points. are looked upon as highly newsworthy. and to be investigated with ardor and energy. The lifting tendency in the usage of corruptness as a tool to discredit political oppositions. the media’s preoccupation with it as a extremely marketable trade good. and the general public’s captivation with seeing outstanding personalities in abashing state of affairss have brought disgraceful and corrupt behavior. a common human infirmity. into the spotlight of international attending. Third – and the chief issue taken up in this paper – is that corruptness can be a major obstruction in the procedure of economic development and in overhauling a state. Many now feel that it should have precedence attending in a country’s development docket. This greater acknowledgment that corruptness can hold a serious inauspicious impact on development has been a cause for concern among developing states. In a recent study of 150 high degree functionaries from 60 3rd universe states. the respondents ranked public sector corruptness as the most terrible obstruction facing their development procedure ( Gray and Kaufmann 1998 ) . States in the Asia and Pacific part are besides really disquieted about this job and they are in significant understanding that corruptness is a major restraint that is impeding their economic. political and societal development. and therefore position it as a job necessitating pressing attending at the highest degree. Increasing public involvement and concern over corruptness have resulted in a big sum of scholarly research on the topic. True. there are still broad spreads in the current province of information and cognition on the affair and much more remains to be done. Nevertheless. theoretical and empirical research that has been conducted therefore far has yielded fresh penetrations into the job. We now have a clearer apprehension of the implicit in causes of corruptness. its effects. and thoughts and attacks on possible steps to battle it. At the same clip. a better position has been obtained on the grounds why corruptness persists in so many states. and why it is hard to cover with. although people throughout the universe position it with disfavor. This paper presents some thoughts and issues that have emerged from the current treatment and on-going argument on the corruptness inquiry in the part and around the universe. It considers the causes. effects and international dimensions of corruptness. which seem to hold generated a batch of public attending in many states. Ideas and suggestions on possible remedial steps have besides been included as it would non be a fruitful exercising to merely discourse issues and jobs. without coming frontward with some solutions as good. The purpose of the paper is to make greater consciousness of the topic and to foreground the desirableness to maintain it in position in believing about development issues. particularly in the context of a least developed state. I. DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Definition In this paper. corruptness is defined as the usage of public office for private addition. or in other words. usage of official place. rank or position by an office carrier for his ain personal benefit. Following from this definition. illustrations of corrupt behavior would include: ( a ) graft. ( B ) extortion. ( degree Celsius ) fraud. ( vitamin D ) peculation. ( vitamin E ) nepotism. ( degree Fahrenheit ) cronyism. ( g ) appropriation of public assets and belongings for private usage. and ( H ) influence mongering. In this list of corrupt behavior. activities such as fraud and peculation can be undertaken by an official alone and without engagement of a 2nd party. While others such as graft. extortion and influence mongering affect two parties – the giver and taker in a corrupt trade. The two party type of corruptness can originate under a assortment of fortunes. Frequently mentioned are concerned with the followers: ( I ) Government contracts: payoffs can act upon who gets the contract. the footings of the contract. every bit good as footings of subcontracts when the undertaking is implemented. Government benefits: payoffs can act upon the allotment of pecuniary benefits such as recognition subsidies and favoured monetary values and exchange rates where monetary value controls and multiple exchange rates exist. Bribes can besides be of import in obtaining licences and licenses to prosecute in moneymaking economic activities such as importing certain goods in high demand and in short supply. Furthermore. payoffs can be employed to get in-kind benefits such as entree to favor schools. subsidized medical attention. subsidized lodging and existent estate. and attractive ownership bets in endeavors that are being privatized. Government gross: payoffs can be used to cut down the sum of revenue enhancements. fees. dues. custom responsibilities. and electricity and other public public-service corporation charges collected from concern houses and private persons. Time nest eggs and regulative turning away: payoffs can rush up the granting of permission. licences and licenses to transport out activities that are absolutely legal. This is the alleged â€Å"grease money† to turn the wheels of bureaucratism more swimmingly. quickly and hopefully in the right way. It is besides non hard to believe of a truly atrocious state of affairs where regulations and ordinances. and the manner they are applied. are so complex and burdensome that the lone manner left to acquire things done is to pay money to avoid them. Influencing results of legal and regulative procedures: payoffs can be used to supply inducements to regulative governments to forbear from taking action. and to look the other manner. when private parties engage in activities that are in misdemeanor of bing Torahs. regulations and ordinances such as those associating to commanding pollution. forestalling wellness jeopardies. or advancing public safety as in the instance of edifice codifications and traffic ordinances. Similarly. payoffs can be given to favor one party over another in tribunal instances or in other legal and regulative proceedings. Economic rent The construct of economic rent ( or monopoly net income ) occupies a cardinal topographic point in the literature on the topic of corruptness. Economic rent arises when a individual has something alone or particular in his ownership. This something particular can be a luxury condominium in a classy vicinity. a secret plan of land in the cardinal concern territory of the metropolis. a natural resource like an oil well. or even some delighting personal traits such as beauty and appeal. A individual who owns such a particular plus can bear down a more than normal monetary value for its usage and gain economic rent or monopoly net income. To exemplify. say there is a immature lady who has breathtakingly good expressions. a charming personality. and exceeding playing. vocalizing and dancing accomplishments. Due to these particular personal assets. she becomes a ace and a heartthrob of adolescents all over the state and therefore commands a princely amount for her visual aspects. But what precisely is her economic rent? To find this. it is necessary to cognize the following best thing she can make to gain a life if she is non a ace. Suppose she has a jurisprudence grade so the following best business she can take up is to go a attorney. Then the difference between her income as a ace and the net incomes she can obtain from her following best business ( as a attorney ) . is her economic rent for holding an remarkably pretty face. appeal. and brilliant vocalizing. dance and moving endowments – a winning combination which no other immature lady in the state can fit. A similar line of concluding can be applied to a minor administrative official working in the concern licence publishing office of a authorities ministry. Suppose this administrative official has the duty of typing. stomping the official seal. acquiring the appropriate signatures and presenting the mandate missive that grants permission to concern endeavors to prosecute in a certain line of economic activity. Business executives are dying to hold the missive typed efficiently and right. and have it decently stamped. signed. sealed and delivered and are willing to pay a monetary value for this particular service. Hence the administrative official who has a monopoly of typing. stomping and treating the missive can utilize his official place to get economic rent from his clients. A utile attack to happen out the sum of his economic rent is to believe of what he can gain if he is fired from the licensing office.

Why We Celebrate Womens History Month In March

Why We Celebrate Womens History Month In March On February 28, 1980, President Jimmy Carter wrote: From the first settlers who came to our shores, from the first American Indian families who befriended them, men and women have worked together to build this Nation. Too often, the women were unsung and sometimes their contributions went unnoticed. These words, part of his message establishing the first Womens History Week in 1980, marked the beginning of a new chapter in American history; one in which recognition of women and their work, and the promotion of their rights became a more explicit concern. That initial effort was expanded in 1987, when March was designated as Womens History Month. The Beginning: Womens History Week In 1978 in California, the Education Task Force of the Sonoma County Commission on the Status of Women began a Womens History Week celebration. The week was chosen to coincide with International Womens Day, March 8. The response was positive. Schools began to host their own Womens History Week programs. The next year, leaders from the California group shared their project at a Womens History Institute at Sarah Lawrence College. Other participants not only determined to begin their own local Womens History Week projects, but agreed to support an effort to have Congress declare a national Womens History Week. Three years later, the United States Congress passed a resolution establishing National Womens History Week, which had ample bipartisan support. This recognition encouraged even wider participation in Womens History Week. Schools focused on special projects and exhibitions honoring women. Organizations sponsored talks on womens history. The National Womens History Project began distributing materials specifically designed to support Womens History Week, as well as materials to enhance the teaching of history through the year, to include notable women and womens experience. Womens History Month In 1987, at the request of the National Womens History Project, Congress expanded the week to a month, and the U.S. Congress has issued a resolution every year since then, with wide support, for Womens History Month. The U.S. President has issued each year a proclamation of Womens History Month. To further extend the inclusion of womens history in the history curriculum (and in everyday consciousness of history), the Presidents Commission on the Celebration of Women in History in America met through the 1990s. One result has been the effort towards establishing a National Museum of Womens History for the Washington, D.C., area, where it would join other museums such as the American History Museum. The purpose of Womens History Month is to increase consciousness and knowledge of womens history: to take one month of the year to remember the contributions of notable and ordinary women, in hopes that the day will soon come when its impossible to teach or learn history without remembering these contributions. Sources National Womens History Week Statement by the President. February 28, 1980.

Study case (Information Resources Management) Essay - 3

Study case (Information Resources Management) - Essay Example It will improve investment in the information technology sector which leads to improved production (Schwalbe, K. 2013). Chief information officer also understands the business enterprises and the requirement by end users, with this it is his responsibility to ensure the information technology sector is able to meet this requirement. With this the Government of Alberta, through Government of Alberta Enterprise Architecture (GAEA) will be able to come up with a effective strategy, which is relevant and applicable in linking the information technology sector to enterprise initiatives. Information technology management and governance in enterprise architecture should be a collective role. It is to bring about professionals from related fields from Canada. They bring together their skills and knowledge to solve the challenges in enterprises. There should have been increased information technology to business interaction in planning and increased degree of formal process implementation. This would have made the plan more realistic thus easy to implement. There was to be equal representation of all stakeholders. In our case it is stand alone project us not having representation of the end users, the people of Alberta. There will be a gap of goods quality. The enterprise sector should be well represented to allow equality thus governance will be simple having no resistance from partners (Davenport, T. 2013). Well-developed information system will yield to proper usage of information system in the establishment of enterprises. This will lead to growth of the economy of Canada. Proper governance of enterprise architecture in the planning of the system is a key

Information Tecnology Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Information Tecnology Law - Essay Example After holding talks for a couple of years with the EU, the US, to the initial chagrin of much of Europe, was able to wrest an agreement that would bail out its companies from the rigid standard of the EU. The EU/US Safe Harbor agreement is a compromise pact that would allow US companies to receive personal data from the UK despite the finding of inadequacy of US data protection system. The EU/US Safe Harbor agreement, which almost relies on self-regulation of its member organisations, suffers from fundamental structural and procedural lapses that weaken its effect. The EU Data Protection Law The United Nations was the first international body to delve on the issue of data protection during the 20th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1968. It posed the question as to whether limits must be set in the use of electronics to protect privacy rights. Subsequently, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) drafted the Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data in 1980 whilst the Council of Europe came up with Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard Automatic Processing of Personal Data also in the same year. The non-binding OECD Guidelines preceded a heated disagreement between some European countries and the United States where the former charged the latter of intentional laxity in its data protection laws as a strategy to globalise its computer industry and the latter accused the former of protectionism through data protection. The OECD Guidelines therefore, was a compromise o f the conflicting stance of the parties. On the other hand, the Council’s treaty came about after considerations in the difficulty, especially by multinationals, in transferring personal data from one country to another because of the different procedural elements in each country. The need to harmonise these different procedural elements was the primary objective of the treaty.2 As the emergence of a European common market loomed in the horizon, the European Council finally gave in to the longtime suggestion that it comes up with a Directive that would tackle data protection. In 1990, the EC issued Directive 95/46 also known as the Data Protection Directive, which has since been described as â€Å"the most influential international policy instrument to date.†3 It was formally implemented on October 1995, with Member States given until 1998 to amend their respective laws to conform to its provisions. Whilst the Council’s earlier treaty was aimed at harmonising na tional laws on data protection, 4 the primary objective of Directive 95/46 is to protect the individual’s privacy as a basic right. This Directive is a consolidation of all efforts to obtain a uniform data protection laws in all Member States, because differences in levels of data protection hamper the free flow of personal data from one Member Country to another, which can result in difficulty in the implementation of a unified European market.5 The rights that are embodied in the Directive are put in a nutshell by Article 8 of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, which took effect in 2009 concurrently with the Treaty of Lisbon. These rights are: the right to protection of personal data; the right to have personal data processed

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Essay

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction - Essay Example With the development of human civilization, mechanical reproduction of a work of art was introduced. It had given a new direction to the work of art both in scale and perception. With the passage of time, new and improved techniques were developed to reproduce or replicate the work of art. The woodcut graphic art was the first form of reproducible art. Later, the printing was introduced. Printing had brought an enormous change both in literature and ancient script. â€Å"During the Middle Ages engraving and etching were added to the woodcut and at the beginning of the 19th century lithography made its appearance† (Benjamin, 42). Lithography, enabled the graphic artists first time, to put its products on the market not only in large numbers as hitherto, but also in daily changing forms. Nevertheless, it could not sustain too long as after a few decades lithography was surpassed buy photography. Photography, along with technical reproduction of sound later around 1900, not only accelerated the process of technical reproduction of art, but also brought it to a standard where any visual or auditory images of art can appear and disappear at a simple movement of hand. It also shadowed its strong impact on society and captured a place of its own among the artistic processes.

Comparison of Adidas and Nike Footwear

Comparison of Adidas and Nike Footwear COMPARITIVE STUDY OF Brand of Leading Footwear Giants With special reference to Adidas and Nike ABSTRACT BRANDING The 1980s marked a turning point in the competition of brands. Management came to ralise that the principlal asset of a company was in fact its brand names. The brand is not the product but it gives the product meaning and defines its identity in both time and space. Too often brands are examined through their component parts: the brand name, its logo, design or packaging, advertising or sponsorship, the level of image and brand awareness or, more recently, in terms of financial valuation. The brand is a focal point for all the positive and negative impressions created by buyer over time as he comes into contact with the brands products, distribution channel, personnel and communication. The brand continues to be, at least in short term, a byword for quality even after the patent has expired. The brand performs an economic function in the mind of consumer and thus has a lasting and memorable effect on the companys activities, be it as distributor or owner of the brand. Legally a brand is simply a symbol which distinguishes a companys product and certifies its origin and thus only obtains its value through registration and conformity. In order to understand in what way a strong brand is a generator of growth and profitability, it is first necessary to remind ourselves of the fnctions that it performs with the consumers themselves, and which are the source of this valuable goodwill. Once these functions are valued, the consumer seeks out the brands and becomes attached, indeed loyal, to them and, in accordance with the valuation, is often prepared to pay more for the branded product. On the other hand, when these functions are either not fulfilled or not valued by the public, the attraction of the branded product decreases and its premium price becomes unacceptable. Branding means much more than just giving a brand name and signaling to the outside world that such a product or service has been stamped with the mark and imprint of an organization. Brands are a direct consequence of the strategy of market segmentation and product differentiation. It is no wonder that the word â€Å"brand† also refers to the act of burning a mark into the flesh of an animal as a means to claim ownership of it. Branding though, is not about being on top of something, but within something. The product or service thus enriched must stand out well if it is to be spotted by the potential buyer and if the company wants to reap the benefits of its strategy before being copied by others. The brand should have its own specific point of view on the product category. It is this conception whichjustifies the brands exixstence, its reason for being on the market, and provides it with a guideline for its life cycle. A brand is both the memory and future of its products. Products are mute: the brand is what gives them meaning and purpose, telling us how a product should be read. A brand is both a prism and a magnifying glass through which products can be decoded. Brands become credible through persistency and repetition. Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. William Shakespeare Shakespeare was wrong. A rose by any other name would not smell as sweet †¦. Which is why the single most important decision in the marketing of perfume is the name. Al Ries and Jack Trout An idea, in the highest sense of that word, cannot be conveyed but a symbol. Samuel Taylor Coleridge A brand is an external manifestation of what happens inside the organization. The brand is the most powerful asset of a company. It is the instrument by which the products move. It is the symbol of a companys promise. Branding is the process by which companies distinguish their product offerings from competition. A brand is created by developing a distinctive name, packaging and design, and arousing customer expectations about the offering. By developing an individual identity, branding permits customers to develop associations like prestige and economy with the brand. Buying a brand reduces the risk of the customer and eases his purchase decisions. Brand superiority leads to high sales, the ability to charge price premiums, and the power to resist distribution power. A brand is a distinguishing name or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) meant to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a Group of sellers. Its purpose is to differentiate the goods or services from the goods or services of the competitors. A brand gives signals to the customer the source of the product, and protects both the customer and the producer from the competitors who would attempt to provide identical products that appear to be same. The strength of brand is directly proportional to the expectations of the customer about it. The brand is the culmination of all the activities of the organization. The brand name conveys the set of values and attributes embodied in the brand. When we think of M with curved top reminds us of the delicious burgers served at McDonalds outlets. This is how a symbol reminds us of the brand when it becomes applicable in the whole universe. A BRAND CONVEYS the following message Ø Attributes: can be both specific and abstract. Size colour and weight are specific. McDonalds gives identification of pure and hygienic food served by it. Ø Benefits: refer to the consumer perception of the needs that are being satisfied. McDonalds gives us healthy food, which is hygienic and ready to eat. Ø Values: Wipros values are to deliver best products and services by applying these values. Ø Culture: Mercedes represents German culture: organized and efficient and comfortable cars. Ø Personality: Raymonds fabrics provide a gentle, caring and lovable mans look to its users. Ø User: Barbies indicate that its user would be a small kid and not a teenager or an old man A successful brand has several essential attributes. The presence of most of these attributes can guarantee long-term eminence of the brand.  · The brand provides the benefits that customer desire. Customers buy a brand because its attributes, its image, its service and many other tangible and intangible factors create an attractive whole.  · The brand stays relevant.  · The pricing strategy is based on consumers perception of value. The company has to arrive at the right blend of product quality, design, features and price. Value pricing should not be adopted at the expense of essential brand-building activities. Whatever price the company decides to charge, it should be able to demonstrate that customers are deriving value from it in proportion to the price they are paying.  · The brand is properly positioned. Successful brands keep up with competitors by creating points of parity in those areas where competitors are trying to find an advantage, while at the same time creating points of difference to achieve advantages over competitors in some other areas.  · The brand is consistent. Maintaining a strong brand means striking the right balance between continuity in marketing activities and the kind of changes needed to stay relevant.  · The brand portfolio and hierarchy should make sense. The Gaps brand portfolio provides maximum market coverage with minimal overlap. Banana Republic serves the higher end, the Gap brand covers the basic style and quality segment, and Old Navy serves the mass market. Each brand has the distinct image and its own source of equity. Brand at each level of the hierarchy should contribute to the overall equity of the portfolio through their individual ability to make consumers aware of the various products and foster favourable associations with them.  · The brand makes use of and coordinates a full repertoire of marketing activities to build equity.  · Brand managers understand what the brand means to consumers. LITERATURE REVIEW Define the Market Market is the place where the sellers and buyers meet. It does not have any demographic limits. Market research  · Market research gives the knowledge about customers, its attitude, approach. Market research is collection of data which will make a person (as a business) more aware of how the people, you hope to sell the product of the company to, will react to your products or services. Conducting market research There is no uniform way of conducting market research, yet there are number of ways in which we may carry out your research but we need to carefully consider the reason of this choice and what you hope the evidence will suggest to you. There are various methods but Questionnaires and personal interviews are one of the most common ways in which you can conduct market research, and there are many methods of gathering data this way: Direct Interview, Mail Survey and Telephone interview of person. Marketing mix The Marketing Mix (The 4 Ps of Marketing) In marketing decisions we are to take decisions about the four following categories:  · Product which is produced by the company  · Price which is charged by the company  · Place (distribution) where it is sold by the company  · Promotion what is done to increase sales of the company These four Ps are those parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. All the four elements of the marketing mix for a target market should reinforce one another and contribute positively to companys value proposition for the target market. The correct process to get its marketing mix right is that the company decides its positioning and sets each element of the marketing mix to conform to its positioning. Most companies start with fixing their marketing mix elements individually and only much later in their evolution do they consciously think about positioning. Different elements of the marketing mix send conflicting signals to the customers. Customers are confused about the companys true positioning. Such companies are not reaping the values that they could have from their marketing mix as customers pay less to compensate for the conflicting signals they get from one of the elements of the marketing mix. When customers get conflicting signals from the store, they always look to bargain for a lower price. If the same product had been sold from a brand ed store, all the four elements of the marketing mix would have presented a consistent image of high quality and premium product. Customers would not have bargained. Product Decisions Product means to tangible, physical products as well as services. Here are some examples of the product decisions to be made by the marketing manager:  · Brand name  · Styling of the product  · Quality of the product Price Decisions Marketing manager is to decide which pricing policy is to be decided by him for his product range so that consumer is satisfied and he is not losing profit. There are no fixed rules to be followed. Some examples of pricing decisions to be made include:  · Pricing strategy (skim, penetration, etc.)  · Cash discount and early payment discounts  · flexibility in pricing of the product of the company  · Price discrimination Decision about Distribution (Place) of Product Distribution means the process of delivering the goods to its customers. Some examples of distribution decisions include the following:  · Distribution channels  · Market coverage (inclusive, selective, or exclusive distribution)  · Warehousing arrangement  · Distribution centers of the company  · Transportation Promotion of goods It represents the various aspects of marketing communication. It is the communication of information about the product to generate a positive customer response. Marketing communication decisions include the following items:  · Promotional strategy (push, pull, etc.)  · Advertising of the product  · Personal selling sales force  · Sales promotions Swot analysis S Strength W Weakness O- Opportunity T- Threat This is very important for the company because it tells the weakness and the strong points of the company and if company then it is easier for the company to operate and also the profits as well as the market share of the company get increased so that it gets some synergy in its operation. Brand Image Brand image relates to the customers perception of the brand. Brand image can be defined as the set of beliefs held about a particular brand. Brand image is the sum total of impressions that consumers receive from many sources, all of which combine to form a brand personality. Brand image is also described as the way in which a particular brand is positioned in the market, i.e., hoe the consumer perceives the product. Brand image is a set of associations, usually organized in some meaningful way. Brand image is the understanding consumers derive from the total set of brand-related activities engaged by the firm. Implicit in all the above definitions is that brand image is a consumer-constructed notion of the brand. Consumers ascribe a persona or an image to the brand based on subjective perceptions of a set of associations that they have about the brand. For example, Lexus may be associated with lixury and status, while Volvo may have safety associations in the mind of the customers. McDonalds may be associated with a symbol such as the Golden Arches, or children may link the fast food giant to a place where they can have fun. The key difference between the brand image and brand identity is that whereas identity stems from the source or company, image is received by the receiver or the consumer. Brand message is packed or wrapped in terms of brand identity, and it is unpacked or unwrapped by the consumer in the form of brand image. Identity represents the firms reality while image represents the perception of the consumer. Brand attitude Attitudes towards brand are dynamic, and are learnt over a period of time. Therefore, each encounter of the consumer with the brand either reinforces the existing attitude or forces him to re-evaluate it. Consumers form attitudes about brands to consumption for several reasons:  · They simplify complex subjects  · They protect self-esteem  · They help us adjust to world  · They allow us to express fundamental values. There are three main sources of attitudes:  · Direct experience with the brands and situations  · Explicit and implicit learning from others about the brand  · Personality development Attitudes are not observable. Attitudes relative to purchase behaviour are formed as a result of direct experience with the product, word of mouth, exposure to mass media advertising, the internet and direct marketing. Attitudes are not synonymous with behaviour though they may result from behaviour. Attitudes have consistency, though they are not permanent, and can and do change. Once attitude develop, they are not always easy to change. Often the goal of marketing is to change attitude about a brand or a company. Attitudes occur within a situation. From a marketers perspective, it is important to consider the situation in which the behavior takes place, or one might misinterpret the relationship between attitude and behavior. Branding for a business means one need to stand out from the herd when it comes to business. Branding makes the company stronger and more adaptable than your competitors. Brand gives the business an immediate advantage because it is a backbone, or a frame work, on which company hangs its products. Brand gives awareness of the product to the customer. A branded business carries with it an ideology. If people know the brand they know the company and what it stands for. A brand carries with it the power to inspire and influence your customers. Brand creates a set of subconscious associations in minds of the customers of the company and sets you apart from the herd. Brand gives the customer satisfaction, surety about the following: 1. Quality of product of company 2. Reliability of product of company 3. Customer service (after sales /before sales) 4. Uniformity of material, size etc. Advertising campaigns uses the following for their product 1. Their Logos 2. Their Slogans 3. Their Promises We absorb every day that a lot of advertising promotion Logos, slogans and associated advertising methods (particularly background music) stick like mud. â€Å"Ek idea jo apke duniya badal de† â€Å"Im loving it†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ can name the brands. Company need to grab its audience and need to keep them until they are fully aware that it exists and that it mean business. It is advisable for the company not to copy its competitors, be original instead  ­ look to companies that inspire you for inspiration. There are some other ways of advertising but Word of mouth is by far the most effective form of advertising. People ignore Pop-up windows, but theyll listen to their best friend. If company provides a quality service people will recommend for it to the other prospects and help to make them customers. If company can provide quality at decent price customers will come back, inspiring customer loyalty is part of a strong brand identity. If company is lacking to shape its business, it may want to hire a professional to help shape your business model, or to improve its advertising scheme. Company should not limit itself; putting blinkers on is a way of staying focussed; but it also leads to missed opportunities of growth. INTRODUCTION Brands in todays intense global economy are strategic assets and a key source of competitive advantage. A brands equity adds or detracts from the power of the brand. It must be managed and leveraged to produce strong long-term performance and lasting revenue growth. Strong brand-building and measurement skills are crucial to achieve these critical objectives in todays fiercely competitive global economy. The brand performs an economic function in the mind of consumer and thus has a lasting and memorable effect on the companys activities, be it as distributor or owner of the brand. Brands create market segmentation and product differentiation. â€Å"Brand† also refers to the act of burning a mark into the flesh of an animal as a means to claim ownership of it. Branding though, is not about being on top of something, but within something. The product or service thus enriched must stand out well if it is to be spotted by the potential buyer and if the company wants to reap the benefits of its strategy before being copied by others. Brand equity It means to the value inherent in a brand name. This value stems from the consumers perception of the brands superiority, the social esteem that using it provides, and the customers trust and identification with the brand. For corporate world, their most valuable assets are their brand names. Well-known brand names are referred to as megabrands which attracts the customers. Companies prefer to leverage their brand equity through brand extensions rather than taking the risk launching a new brand. Brand equity is most important for low involvement purchases such as inexpensive consumer goods that are brought routinely and with little processing of cognitive information. Brand equity enables companies to charge a price premium an additional amount over and above the price of an identical store brand. A relatively new strategy among some marketers is co-branding (also called double branding). The basis of co-branding, in which two brand names are featured on a single product, is to use another products brand equity to enhance the primary brands equity. Brand loyalty and brand equity increases market share and profits are increased. Definition of Brand Equity Brand equity is the value and power of the brand that determines its worth. The brand equity can be determined by measuring;  · The price premium that the brand charges over unbranded products;  · By assessing the additional volume of the sales generated by the brand as compared to other brands in the same category;  · Returns to shareholders;  · Assessing the image of the brand for various parameters that are deemed important;  · Assessing the future earning potential of he brand; Various activities of the firm determine brand equity. These activities may enhance or diminish the brand value. Activities that are synchronous with the overall vision for the brand enhance equity, and any activity that goes against this overall vision reduces brand equity. The customer-based brand equity framework defines customer-based brand equity as the differential effect that consumer knowledge about a brand has on the customers response to marketing activity. Positive customer based brand equity results when consumers respond more favourably to a product, price or communication when the brand is identified than when it is not. Sources of brand equity occur when consumer are aware of the brand and hold strong, favourable and unique brand associations. Any action that a firm takes as part of its marketing programme has the potential to change consumer knowledge about the brand in terms of some aspects of brand awareness or brand image. Managing brand equity, however, requires more than taking a long-term perspective. Brand equity must be actively managed over time by reinforcing the brand meaning and if necessary, by revitalizing the brand. Who should be involved in process of building brands? Brand managers were originally dominant in brand building. However, the traditional brand manager concept has been criticized since changes in the external environment and within the firm raise doubts about its appropriateness. Limitations in the brand management concept have resulted in the move to categry management. In some firms the CEO is in charge of brands, which is advantageous as CEOs have authority, a long term perspective and control over resources. CEOs also have many objectives and may be subject to performance measures which conflict with the aims of building a strong brand. As such the â€Å"brand champion†, a senior executive with sole responsibility for managing and building one particular brand, is emerging as an alternative. However, as the role of marketing departments has declined branding mayhave ceased to be their sole responsibility. External parties may also be involved. Agencies attract employees who are interested in brand strategy, and these employees often develop brand strategy toolkits and gain insight and experience because of their exposure to different brand and brand contexts. Consumer involvement is also critical. Stages in building a successful brand  · Identify external opportunities  · Identify internal capabilities  · Define the brand and develop a brand concept  · Consider feasibility of brand  · Ensure internal commitment  · Position and differentiate the brand  · Structure organizational resources  · Market testing  · Operationalization The brand concept is based on the consumer needs that a brand can satisfy. A brand with a functional concept is designed to solve externally generated consumption needs. A brand with a symbolic concept is designed to associate the individual with a desired group, role or self image. A brand with an experimental concept is designed to fulfill an internally generated need for stimulation and/or variety. Brand identity originates from the company, i.e., the company is responsible for creating a differentiated product with unique features. The marketing mix strategy plays an important role in establishing a brand identity. The four Ps product, promotion, price and place- can play an important role in this process. Brand identity is the common element sending a single message amid a wide variety of its products, actions and slogans. This is important since the more the brand expands, the more customers are inclined to feel that they are, in fact, dealing with several different brands rather than a single brand. Through brand identity, a company seeks to convey its individuality and disinctiveness to the relevant public. It is through the development of this identity that managers and employees make a brand unique. The brand identity is made up of the following components:  · Brand vision  · Brand culture  · Positioning  · Personality  · Relationships  · Presentations Brand equity† has two components, we can more easily determine a reliable way to measure brand equity, and to track changes in brand equity over time. The components of brand equity are: a) retention and attraction of customers, b) stem from peoples experiences and c) perceptions of a brand. How should brand equity be reinforced over time? How can marketers make sure that consumers have the desired knowledge structures such that their brands continue to have the necessary sources of brand equity? In a general sense, brand equity is reinforced by marketing actions that consistently convey the meaning of the brand to consumers in terms of brand awareness an brand image as follows:  · What products does the brand represent; what benefits does it supply; and what needs does it satisfy?  · How does the brand make those products superior? What strong, favourable and unique brand associations exist in the minds of consumers? Both of these issues- brand meaning in terms of products, benefits and needs as well as brand meaning in terms of product differentiation depend on firms general approach to product development, branding strategies and other strategic concerns. The most important consideration in reinforcing brands is the consistency of the marketing support that the brand receives both in terms of the amount and nature of marketing support. Brand consistency is critical to maintaining the strength and favourability of brand associations. Brands that receive inadequate support, in terms of such things as shrinking research and development or marketing communication budgets, run the risk of becoming technologically disadvantaged or even obsolete. Consistency does not mean, however, that marketers should avoid making any changes in the marketing programme. On the contrary, the opposite can be quite true being consistent in managing brand equity may require numerous tactical shifts and changes in order to maintain the proper strategic thrust and direction of the brand. There are many ways that brand awareness and brand image can be created, maintained or improved through carefully designed marketing programmes. Brand loyalty occur when a customer makes the choice of purchasing one brand from among a set of alternatives consistently over a period of time. Brand loyalty is usually rated as the most important indicator of brand equity. Loyalty is a dual edged sword, an opportunity for those that consistently deliver on their promises; high risk, for those who dont. (Martin Hoffmitz, Executive Vice President) Loyalty is developed in the absence of something better. (Justin Lees, Commercial Controller) BRAND EQUITY BRAND LOYALTY MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT Companies work hard building the strength of their brands to earn more profits. Bottom line job of marketing is to Build a brand, cultivate its strengths, prune its weaknesses, and make it more valuable to its owners. Marketing does ultimately work in concert to make a firms brands more valuable. Ways to Measure Brand Equity Measuring of brand equity establishes a baseline and track changes in its brand equity over time. Company must consistently work to improve the strength of its brands. it must trace progress, or risk flying blind. Changes in a quantitative measurement of brand equity can show the company the effects of its work, and aid in setting marketing and management priorities in the next business planning cycle. A company measures its brand equity to aid in assigning a monetary value to a brand. Wall Street measures the strength of a brand by looking primarily at current and historical financial measures, with minimal use of information directly from the voice of the marketplace (i.e., current and prospective customers). LOYALTY IN THE MARKET PLACE Whether husbands are loyal to their wives or not, whether employees remain loyal to their employers or not, marketers are realising the need to have a large number of loyal customers. The purpose of any organisation does not end with just getting the customers. Retaining them in their fold is an equally important task. No successful company is satisfied if a customer buys the product of the Company just once or twice. He/She must be made to buy the same brand again, and again. This is should be the core strategy for many of the fast moving consumer goods. Often consumers may not be aware of even the total set of brands available in the market of the product category under consideration. Again, they do not consider for choice all the brands they are aware of. They have an evoked set or a consideration set of brands within which they normally switch from one to another. Consider the case of toilet soaps. There are any number of toilet soaps available in the market. But consumers usuall y choose from their evoked set only. Suppose, the evoked set of brands for toilet- soaps for a consumer consists of Hamam, Rexona and Lux, she will buy only from these three brands. At the same time, she may buy one particular brand more often than other brands in the evoked set, which is a different issue to be taken up later. Footwear Technologies adiprene Ø Shock absorbing material under the heel. Ø Provides heel cushioning and stability. Ø Provides extra absorption of harmful impact forces. Ø Adds stability a ground contact. adiprene Ø Elastic material under the forefoot. Ø Allows a more efficient push-off. Ø Retains natural forces at toe-off for added forefoot efficiency. Ø Maximizes energy use. torsion Ø Helps control of the natural independent rotation of the heel and forefoot. Ø Creates stability and control. Ø Helps the forefoot adopt to surfaces easily. Ø Maintains mid-foot support. Traxion Ø Lugs in shoe bottom provide optimal ground penetration and maximum grip. Ø Lug placement optimizes comfort while increasing surface contact. Ø Adds stability at ground contact. Ø Meets the specific needs of different sports and surfaces. Pro-Moderator Ø Usage of TPU as lightweight mid-sole support system reduces weight of shoe giving greater mobility. Ø Improved durability of mid-sole adds to life of shoes providing consistent and stable run. Ø Direct moulding on mid-sole frees your foot from thick inserts giving improved toe-all. GeoFit Frame Ø An Internal footwear technology that enhances fit and comfort by placing padding in anatomically correct areas. Ø Every piece of anatomically moulded padding follows the form of the foot, evenly distributing pressu

Irving Washington, The History of New York Essay example -- Literary R

Irving Washington was born in 1783 in New York into a large family where he was the youngest of eleven children. He started his career from a law office feeling that it was a job not to his heart content. Being light-hearted and sardonic in his nature he attempted to write for the journal of his brother Peter called â€Å"The Morning Chronicle†. Later Irving and Peter thought of creating a high-quality literary mockery. Originally the text intended nothing else but a satire upon the â€Å"Picture of New York† by Dr. Samuel Mitchell whose text was rather boastful of erudition and pedantry; however, it turned out to be different from the original perspective broadening the scope of interpretative thinking over to history and philosophy as two great narratives. The text was published December 6, 1809 in New York when Irving Washington was 26 and brought him considerable critical acclaim. Worth mentioning are the two timelines: the actual historical timeline of the story which embraces the first two decades of the XVII century. Literary selection suggested revolves around a historical episode of purchase of New York (namely Manhattan Island) from the Indians and further life of the Dutchmen. In 1626 Peter Menuit arrived at the colony called New Amsterdam to govern as well as take part in educational and religious activities of the settlers. The first priority for the governor to realize was a purchase of the Island of Manhattan. The estimated sum of transaction was twenty-four dollars, which Irving Washington calls â€Å"a measure almost unparalleled in the annals of discovery and colonization† (Tuttleton, 1993, p. 209-212). The second timeline is actually tangible through the author’s voice within the frame of narration, as he comes from two... ...he other side of the conflict is never articulated, thus suppressed, kept silent and, therefore, eliminated, which makes the entire concept of conflict as a productive means of history. Irving Washington wrote the text looking back two centuries. Apart from being a satire it deconstructs the concept of history by devaluation of the conflict via removal of one of its constituents or dehumanization of it which is one of the main implied themes of the story. Works Cited Aderman, Ralph. M. Critical Essays on Washington Irving. // John G. Lockhart. Review of Knickerbocker’s History of New York. G.K. Hall & Co., 1990. P. 50. Irving, Washington. A History of New York: Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches. NY: the Library of Congress, 1983. P. 449-55. Tuttleton, James W. Washington Irving: the Critical Reaction. AMS Press, 1993. P. 209-212. Irving Washington, The History of New York Essay example -- Literary R Irving Washington was born in 1783 in New York into a large family where he was the youngest of eleven children. He started his career from a law office feeling that it was a job not to his heart content. Being light-hearted and sardonic in his nature he attempted to write for the journal of his brother Peter called â€Å"The Morning Chronicle†. Later Irving and Peter thought of creating a high-quality literary mockery. Originally the text intended nothing else but a satire upon the â€Å"Picture of New York† by Dr. Samuel Mitchell whose text was rather boastful of erudition and pedantry; however, it turned out to be different from the original perspective broadening the scope of interpretative thinking over to history and philosophy as two great narratives. The text was published December 6, 1809 in New York when Irving Washington was 26 and brought him considerable critical acclaim. Worth mentioning are the two timelines: the actual historical timeline of the story which embraces the first two decades of the XVII century. Literary selection suggested revolves around a historical episode of purchase of New York (namely Manhattan Island) from the Indians and further life of the Dutchmen. In 1626 Peter Menuit arrived at the colony called New Amsterdam to govern as well as take part in educational and religious activities of the settlers. The first priority for the governor to realize was a purchase of the Island of Manhattan. The estimated sum of transaction was twenty-four dollars, which Irving Washington calls â€Å"a measure almost unparalleled in the annals of discovery and colonization† (Tuttleton, 1993, p. 209-212). The second timeline is actually tangible through the author’s voice within the frame of narration, as he comes from two... ...he other side of the conflict is never articulated, thus suppressed, kept silent and, therefore, eliminated, which makes the entire concept of conflict as a productive means of history. Irving Washington wrote the text looking back two centuries. Apart from being a satire it deconstructs the concept of history by devaluation of the conflict via removal of one of its constituents or dehumanization of it which is one of the main implied themes of the story. Works Cited Aderman, Ralph. M. Critical Essays on Washington Irving. // John G. Lockhart. Review of Knickerbocker’s History of New York. G.K. Hall & Co., 1990. P. 50. Irving, Washington. A History of New York: Washington Irving: History, Tales and Sketches. NY: the Library of Congress, 1983. P. 449-55. Tuttleton, James W. Washington Irving: the Critical Reaction. AMS Press, 1993. P. 209-212.